IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photograpnic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREfT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSBO 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notee  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  oleue  ou  noire) 


FTl    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli4  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  4t4  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cat  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
.une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  d^colordes,  tacheties  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I  I  Pages  damaged/ 

I  I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~lf  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I  I  Pages  detached/ 

I  I  Showthrough/ 

I  I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I  I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I  I  Only  edition  available/ 


0 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
ohscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fagon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  imago  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  bdlow/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


V 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanis 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Vancouver  Public  Librdry 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grAce  it  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Vancouver  Public  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  btist  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  rep^^oduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  film^s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^  (meaning   'CON- 
TINUED "I,  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning   "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ♦■  signirie   "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie   "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtr'> 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  it  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
dimages  n^cessaire    Los  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

HL..;t  I. 


1^ 


W-KK  IN  Califu!;;ja-  Almond  Tree  Treatcd  ron  Leaf-blight. 


n 


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1 


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RfpOltc(D.«.  ol  V'^'titn  Pilliil.  J,    U    S    fliOt.  01  «,!>  .1.IM-.     I- J.. 


Plate  ||. 


W.--,:.    .,   t,...,       „:,,.-  A. 


lii..    UM'  l...ll.l\   D^K    L'..Tcn  DV  LEA.F-tLIGHT  FlNOlS 


"y-mummmmn 


amt 


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^SRt 


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I 


•III    ■:v'd 


l.tj    •«►,..      A    ,-'      •    J   .       !■     0.  U 


•Al  ^ivnd 


WARXING 

A  pcrmin  who  wilfullr  or  malicinunly  oiitn,  lonra, 
ilpfnces,  (lisfigurei  or  destroys  a  book,  map,  chart  or 
pirturi.  ileposited  in  a  Public  Library,  Gallery,  or  Mu- 
nuuni,  ia  punishable  by  a  line  or  impriao;imont  for  n 
ti'rm  not  excpo.ling  two  month:). 

—Criminal  Code,  Si'ptiou  539. 


^5775 


KO 


Mil-  |;iM 


TIIK 


llortlj  Imrrican  ^^nlba; 


(IK,    A     DKXrKIPTInN     (iF    TIU. 


FOREST   TREES 


UNITED  STATKSj  CANADA,   AND   NOVA  S(()TIA, 


MIT    KKHIKIIIKI"    l\    TIIK    WnJiK    n» 


r.   ANDI'vKAV   MIC  II  ATX. 


<Mt   filMUMMi    AI.1.    Tim 

FOKKST  TKKKS  I)ISi(i\  KUKU   IN    TllK    lUJfKY   MolNT.M.NS,  TIIK  TKUUITnin    iiK 

OKKtltlN,    L)i)\V.V   TO   Till-:   SIMlKKS   or   Till-;    I'ACinc,   AM)    INTO   TIIK 

CONKINKS   OK  CM.II-OIINIA,   AS    WKI.I.    \S    IN    VAKIOIS 

I'AIITS  OK  TIIK   rXlTKIi  STATUS. 


ILLUSTRATED     BY    laiCOLOBED    PLATE  8. 


THOMAS   MTTALL.   F.LS. 

miltliEn  UF   niK   AMKKICA?!    I-HIUWU-HI.  ,W.  ^..,  iht.   and  of  the   AiAHtXl    0/   >.m»AL  MTIOCM 
OF    »*II|LA[)ktrHIA,    KTC.    ETC.    KTC. 


TIIRKK  VOMMKS  IN  TWO, 
VOL.   I. 


UKINO    TIIK    KOI  Itril    VOI.IMK    (IK   MICIIArX    AND    NITTAM/a 
.NdKTII    AMKUICAN    .SYI.VA. 


'1:  mm 


-J  ^  ■■  '^ 


'I'll  1  I,  .i;h.  K  1,1'  II  1  A:' 

iVV.Nip;;iiilT.T:T:i|:;i{;.  ^,    (-(^^  _ 

ISTl. 


^ 


VA 


m 


Kcitrml  lu-crlliii!  lo  Act  of  Oingnia,  In  Iho  v.nr  IW,.  l.y 
HUB.  KCTTKR  *  CO., 

In  ii«' ri, rv. "in r  ii..  tii.iri.i  c  «■  i  .r  Ui-  in""" •"«<•• '"  ""■  "'"'""  '"""'"'  "' 

■  '•-tii)K)ivaiila 


COLLINS,  PRINTER 


0 
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o 

XO 

I 

0 

0 


% 


> 

c4 


-vji 


^■F 


TO  iiii:  i.Aii; 


wii,Li\M  M\(M.;i:,  Ksa. 

Ill»-MT'K»T    <ir    Tlir.    »i   U^Ml    <'f    ?»\TUHL    •■  II.MM    I\    ftllM  I'l-l.l'III  S,    tlT.    riO, 

A~    \    MI.MIATii  cif    111.-    ATTMIIMKNT  Tci,   AM)   I.IIIKIIM.   KM  111  llMiKMKM  iiK   N.MIKAI. 
WIK.NCK.-'   IN   .Minril  AMKIlllA; 


0 
0 

o 

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0 

o 


F.  AM)1U;\V   MK  IIAIX, 

MiKI.LR  "I    nil.    AMt.l.Ii  VI    l'Jllli-"CII..  41    Mxtlt^.   i  ■  .Kllt--l'"M'r^'<T   uT  TI'C   l>3TmTi: 
or    llSi.tif,  ITr.   |,It'., 


Wtl'Si:    \AMK    I*    lUKNTrUKI'   WITH    TIU:    insT<iUV    WU    niPnilTANrK   UK  TUK    IT.tilH  ni"NS 
OV  TIIK    NUUiH    AMKHICAN    lXt|;»i.-T, 


iriji.5  (ii'ioiii 


1 


IS    >|n.«T    IIK.-I'KI  rn  l.l.V    lif.llICATKIl    MV 


Till;    ArTiioK    nr   this   .<ri'i'i,i;M  i:nt. 


05775 


PUJIFACK. 


'I'm;  l''Miii:sr  'I'hkcs  nc  Amiiuiia  lninj;  ,i  miIijitI  i«l'  ■•iuli  jjifui, 
I'xiiiil  mill  iiii|iiiri.iiiri',  I  I'l'll.  ••ciii(<ci|Ur'ifly,  wiy  'lilliilfiit  ol'  mnliT- 
tiikiiii;  llii'ir  .-Imlv,  iil'tiT  wiiiil  lui-  Iitm  ulicaily  ilniic  i«>  wi'll  liv  my 
|iriilc(csmir,  M.  MiiiiAi  X.  N'ct,  ill  otrcriii-r  u  in'W  cililinii  ol'  tin: 
A.MriurAN  Syi.va  in  Kiitrli"!!,  it  iil'l'<'!ii<'il  ri'<|ui>it(',  in  koi'|iiiij(  puru 
witli  iIk:  |ii(iL.'rrHS  (if  ilisiiivi'i'v.  liiiil  nil  til''  liifisl  trri's  of  tlio  (.'x- 
tcmli'd  il(pniiiii"n  (if  tlio  Tnili'il  Staler  hlhiiijil,  in  idiiic  way  or 
iitlii'i',  Ik'  inciiiili'il  ill  till*  pi'i'-icnt  iiiililication ;  uml.  I  (oiil'i's^i,  tlii! 
)uaL'nitiiili>  of  tin'  ta^k  ii|i|icaricl,  at  lirnt,  Hiiflicioiitly  ii|i|iaHin;f, 
when  wu  rt'lli'i't  un  tlio  vast  ti'rritory  now  fiaiiiifcl  I'v  the  I'liitfil 
Slatt'<.  r«'L(iiiniin;  witli  tin'  arctii:  liniilH  of  ail  arlMiri'sicnt  vciro- 
talioii,  ill  tlic  wiJilM  of  I'anaila,  wliidi  wi!  caiiiiot  witli  |ini|irii'ly 
(•xi-iiicli,  foiiiMMi,' ii>  it  tlocs  llic  lioival  Ipiiundni'y  of  ihi'  Nuilli  Aiik'- 
liiiiii  forcMt,  \vi!  then  follow  tlio  cxti'inlcil  sIkuch  ol'  ilu-  Aihiniii  , 
until,  towanl  the  vxtri'niity  of  Ka>t  Kloridn,  ami  it-.  ki\s  nr 
islands,  wu  liavi'  allaiiiud  tliu  wry  conlini'H  ol  llu,'  li(i|iiial  liidc, 
and  niaki!  ii  m'lir  a|>|ii'oarli  to  tlif  ishiiHl  of  C'iil<a  and  the  Maliu- 
mas.  Tiii'nini;  westward,  wo  jmss  owr  tlm  wide  foiesl-s  of  tlu' 
Mi>sissi|i|ii,  |iiirsui!  the  Western  streams,  throiii;li  vast  woodless 
jiiains,  nniil  we  attain  tiie  loiij^  tresis  of  the  Koeky  .N'oiinlains 
or  Northern  Andes.  Here,  in  these  iiliiine  re>,'ions,  \w  meet  with 
11  total  ehanire  in  the  features  of  the  forest:  rosiniferoiis  everffreeiis, 
of  the  family  of  the  I'ines,  now  iiredominalc-,  and  attain  the  niont 
jciiCanlic  diiiieiisiunn.  All  the  spucicH  (and  they  are  numerous)  iiave 
lieciiliar  traits,  and  foini  no  many  eiirioiis  and  distiiiet  s|ieeie.u,  of 
which  litllc  IS  yet  known  more  than  their  holanieal  desiirnation. 
Other  rc'inarkahle  forest  trees,  also  iinperfoetly  known,  inhahit  this 
;:riat  ranjre  of  inoiinlains,  which  eoiitinues  uninterriilittdly  into  the 
interior  of  Mexico  in  its  southern  course;  while  on  the  north,  follow- 
iujf  the  sources  of  fhe  Missouri  and  the  Orcfron,  and  after  thus  dividiiiij 
the  waters  whi<li  How  into  the  Atlantic  anil   I'acilic,  it   is  at   leiii^tK 


«  r  11  E  F  A  C  E. 

iii('i'i;t'(l  ill  tlic  "Sliiiiiiig  Mimiitaiiis,"  wirK-li  soml  oil"  their  distiwil 
triliiitiU'ii's  to  till!  Arctif  (Iciaii. 

The  plains  of  tlio  UppcT  I'lattt',  those  of  the  Oirgoii  anil  ot'North- 
t'l'ii  California,  a  region  bereft  of  snninier  raiii.s,  foniiing  extensive 
tiarren  Htejijies,  like  those  of  tiiheria,  present  no  forests,  seari;e!y 
an  alluvial  belt  along  the  larger  streams  of  suflieient  niagnituilc  to 
atl'ord  even  fuel  for  the  eiuiip-tire  of  the  wandering  hunter  or  the 
erratie  savage.  The  scanty  drit'twood  borne  down  from  the  moun- 
tains, the  low  bitter  bushi's  of  the  arid  plain,  even  tlii'  dry  ordure 
of  the  bison,  is  eollected  for  fuel,  and  barely  sufliees  to  prepare  a, 
hasty  Tneal  for  the  passing  traveller,  who,  urged  by  hunger  and 
thirst,  hurries  over  the  desert,  a  region  doomed  to  desolation,  and, 
amid  privations  the  most  appalling,  lives  in  the  hope  of  again  see- 
ing forests  and  green  fields  in  lieu  of  arid  plains  and  bitter  weeds, 
whieh  tantalized  our  famished  animals  with  the  fallaeioiis  appear- 
ance of  food,  like  the  east-away  mariner  raging  with  thirst,  though 
surrounded  with  water  as  fatal  to  the  longing  ajipetite  as  poison. 

Toward  the  slion^s  of  the  Pacific,  and  ou  the  banks  of  the  Oregon, 
wc  ajiain  meet  with  •''■■  as,'roeable  features  of  the  forest: — 

"  M;tjt'-tic  woO'l!*,  of  every  vigorous  green, 
StM^e  nljovc  stage,  high  waving  o'er  the  bills, 
Or  to  tho  far  horizon  wide  diffused, 
A  binuiillcs?,  deep  immensity  of  shidc." 


Tiaiisjiorted  in  idea  to  tho  border  of  the  Ilu'lson  or  the  J  Dela- 
ware, we  recline  beneath  the  shade  of  venerable  Oaks  and  siircadiiig 
Maples ;  wc  see,  as  it  were,  fringing  the  streams,  the  familiar  ('ottoii- 
wood  and  Bprcading  Willows.  On  tho  higher  jilains,  and  ascending 
the  hills  and  niountnins  to  their  summits,  wo  see  a  dark  forest  of 
lofty  Pines ;  we  hear  the  light  breeze  sigh  and  mnrmnr  through 
their  branches  as  it  did  to  the  jxiets  of  old.  I?ut  the  botanist,  in 
ail  this  array,  fails  to  recognise  one  solitary  acquaintance  of  his 
former  scenes:  he  is  emiihatically  in  a  strange  land;  a  new  crea- 
tion, even  of  forest  trees,  is  spread  around  him,  and  the  tall  Andes 
and  wide  deserts  rise  as  a  barrier  betwixt  him  and  his  distant  homo. 

My  indulgent  reader  will  then  excise  mo,  if  I,  on  this  ocoasiop, 
ajipear  liefore  him  only  as  a  botanist ;  culling  those  objects  which 
have  given  him  so  much  delight,  he  wishes  to  present  them  to  tho 


''!''''!  A 


r  11 E  V  A  C  E. 


ciinons  jMililif,  alive  to  tlio  Ijeuutios  and  syinmctry  of  natiufV  woiks. 
^\■llut(■VL'l■  is  yot  known  of  their  uses  anil  liistory  is  also  i,nven  ;  ami, 
ihiit  tlio  ta>k  inij;lit  lie  more  eoniiiletc,  wo  have  ranihleil  a  little  be- 
yond, rather  than  fallen  short  of,  the  exact  liiuits  of  the  Ueinihlie. 
We  ha\e  thus  added,  as  our  friends  Toiuu:v  and  (iuAY  have  doi:e,  in 
their  treneral  Flora,  a  collection  of  the  trees  of  Upper  California, 
extending  our  ramble  iis  far  as  the  vieinity  of  t^anta  JJarbara, 
in  about  the  ;i4tli  dcj;roo  of  north  latitude.  "We  here  met  with 
several  Oaks,  Pines,  a  I'lane  Tree,  a  Horse-chestnut,  and  a  Box  Elder, 
which  have  not  yet  been  found  within  the  limits  of  the  Territory  of 
O  re  1,^0  n. 

While  the  work  was  in  progress,  Professor  ToiiUKV  infornie<l  me 
of  the  arrival  of  a  largo  collection  of  dried  plants  from  Key  West,  in 
East  Florida,  made  by  Doctor  Blohsett,  of  the  United  States  army. 
All  the  trees  in  this  herbarium — at  least  forty  species — were  in  the 
most  generous  manner  given  up  to  me  for  publiealion  by  the  jiro- 
fessor.  Must  of  them  form  distinguishing  features  in  the  tropical 
landscape  of  the  West  India  Islands.  Amcng  them  were  the  Ma- 
hogany, Siiivii-tilni,  the  (iiiaiacum  or  J/ignuni-A'ita',  the  poisonous 
Manchineel,  several  trees  of  the  family  of  the  Myrtles,  {l\n;iiiil'i,) 
three  or  four  species  of  Fig  Trees,  the  Calabash,  and  Papaw  or  Me- 
lon Tree,  the  Mangrove,  two  species  of  Cordia,  the  West  Imlia  IJircli, 
(P>iirs,ra  i/'iiiiiiufirii,)  and  many  other  arborescent  plants  which  art; 
n<i\v  lV)r  the  lirst  time  added  to  the  Flora  of  the  United  Statis,  and 
thus  in  a  measure  resolving  the  problem  of  the  geographical  limits 
of  the  Caribbean  Flora.  The  island  of  Key  AVest  lies  about  eighty- 
five  miles  from  East  Florida,  and  is  the  same  distance  from  Cuba. 
It  is  abiiut  nini'  miles  long  and  three  broad,  containing  a  popula- 
tion of  about  four  hun<lred  pcojilo,  chietly  engaged  as  wreckers. 

Besides  the  trees  we  have  noticed,  I  have  been  recently  informed 
of  the  existence  of  thickets  of  Cdfiiiscs  on  the  island,  one  of  wliirli. 
with  an  erect,  cylindric,  and  divided  stem,  attains  the  height  of  thirty 
or  more  feet. 

In  the  islands  of  the  I'^verglades,  considerably  inland  in  East  Flo- 
rida, we  have  been  informed  that  a  Palm  about  ninety  feet  high, 
forming  a  magnilicent  tree,  has  been  seen  ;  but  of  this  plant  we  have 
been  unable  to  obtain,  as  yi>t,  any  further  account. 

The   haste  with  which    I   have   iiccn    oliligcd   lo  pr-.icccd    with    the 


8 


P  11  K  V  A  C  E. 


piililiciition  lias  jn'fvontcil  inu  from  rccciviii!;  miicli  ailvaiitiiifo  from 
cdiTusiioiidoiits.  Such  lis  liiivc  lionorod  me  with  llicii'  rcmiiiks  aro 
iiu'iitioiicd  undor  tlio  apimipriati!  articles  as  tlicy  occur  in  tlio  work  ; 
iiml  I  take  tliis  oiiiiortiiiiity  of  tendering  tlicni  my  sincere  thanks 
for  ail  such  assistani'o. 

As  fast  as  new  materials  may  ho  discovered,  we  intend  to  pive 
tlieni  to  the  world  in  tlie  form  of  a  HupjilenK'Ht ;  and  we  shall  tlicn 
also  liave  <in  additional  oiijiortunity  for  correcting  any  errors  which 
may  have  occurred  cither  in  reganl  to  information  or  in  the  pro- 
gress of  printing,  as  well  us  of  making  sucli  additions  as  a  moro 
tliorongli  cxamiinition  of  the  suliject  may  suggest,  particularly  the 
characters  of  tlie  ditl'ercnt  kinds  of  wood  indigenous  to  the  most 
extended  limits  of  the  Hepuhlic. 


Tliirty-four  years  ago,  I  left  I'^ngland  to  explore  the  natural  liis- 
tory  of  the  fnited  States.  In  the  ship  Ifalcyon  I  arriveil  at  tlie 
shores  of  the  Xcw  "World;  and,  after  a  lioistcrons  and  dangerous 
jiassage,  our  dismasted  vessel  entered  the  Capes  of  the  Delaware  in 
the  month  of  April.  The  heautiful  robing  of  forest  scenery,  now 
bursting  into  vernal  lite,  was  exchanged  for  the  monotony  of  the 
dreary  ocean,  an(  the  sad  sickness  of  the  sea.  As  wo  sailed  up  the 
l)claware,  my  eyes  were  riveted  on  the  landscape  with  intense  a<l- 
iiiiratiou.  All  was  new;  and  life,  like  that  season,  was  then  full 
of  hope  and  enthusiasm.  The  forests,  apparently  unbroken  in 
their  iirimeval  solitude  and  repose,  spread  thcTuselves  on  either 
hand  as  wo  passed  placidly  along.  The  extending  vista  of  dark 
I'ines  gave  an  air  of  deep  sadness  to  the  wilderness: — 

"  ThcMC  Idiiply  regions,  wliorc,  rotiretl 
Krnm  litllo  scenes  of  i\rt,  prcat  Niituic  ilwcll" 
In  Hwrnl  srilituile,  nnil  niuiKht  is  seen 
but  the  wiM  lierJa  tbit  own  no  niastcr'a  stall.  " 


The  deer  lirought  to  ha^-,  or  plunging  into  the  llooil  from  the  ]iur- 
suit  of  the  Indian  armed  with  bow  and  arrow,  alone  seemed  want- 
ing to  realize  the  savage  landscape  as  it  appeared  to  the  first  settlers 
of  the  country. 

{Scenes  like  iliese   have  little  attraction  for  ordinary  lite.     But  to 


But  t(i 


1'  R  E  F  A  C  K.  !' 

thu  ii;itiir:ilist  it  is  Imp  dthonvisr  ;  i>nviitions  to  liiiii  arc  clicaiily  ]iiir- 
cliascd  it'  lie  may  but  roam  (iscr  tlie  wild  (louiaiii  of  i.i'iniuval  lui- 
ttire,  and  lit'liold 

"  Ani'lhi'i'  Flora  there,  of  bottler  hues 
Anil  riohcr  swecl",  lieymiil  our  gunlen's  iiri'lo." 

Ifow  often  liave  I  realized  the  poet'n  buoyant  liopes  aniid  these 
solitary  rambles  thron,i?h  interminable  forests!  For  thousands  of 
miles  niv  eliief  eonverso  iian  been  in  tiio  wilderness  with  the  spou- 
taueous  jiroduetions  of  nature;  and  the  study  of  th<'se  objeets  and 
tln'ir  eontemiilalion  has  been  to  me  a  source  of  constant  delii^ht. 

'Phis  fervid  curiosity  led  mo  to  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  throU';' 
the  dark  forests  and  brakes  of  tlu'  Mississiiipi,  to  the  distant  lakes 
of  the  northern  frontier;  throu,i,di  the  wilds  of  Florida;  far  \\\>  the 
lii'd  Uiver  tuid  the  Missouri,  and  throu,i;;h  the  territory  of  Arkansas; 
at  last  over  the 

*' Vast   s;ivinitm-.  wlii've  the  W'tiiii'Ting  eve, 
l.'iifix'il,  is  ill  II  vei'hiiit  'icejiti  lust  ;" 

And  MOW  across  the  arid  plains  of  the  Far  West,  beyond  the  stc]iii.>s 
of  the  Uocky  Mountains,  down  the  Ore^'on  to  the  extended  shores 
of  the  Paeiiic,  across  tlie  distiint  oeeaii  to  that  famous  .u'loup,  the 
Sandwieh  Islands,  where  Cook  tit  leui^th  fell  ii  sacrifice  to  his  tcnuv 
rity.  And  hero  for  the  first  time  I  beheld  the  beauties  of  a  tro- 
jiical  vofretation ;  a  season  tluit  knowa  no  elianire,  but  that  of  a  ]ier- 
pctual  sprini;  and  summer;  an  elysiau  httid,  where  nature  otfcrs 
s]iontanci)Us  food  to  man.  The  rcjrion  ef  the  liread-lVuil  ;  the  Tar- 
row,  (Ci_ili)cii.-iiii  c.sculiDtn,)  which  feeds  the  indiirent  mass  of  tlie  ])opu- 
latiou  ;  tlio  Kroussoiietia,  ii  kind  of  Mulberry  Tree,  wliose  inner  riml, 
called  /"/»",  atl'onls  a  universal  clothing.  The  low  groves  ]iroduco 
the  liaiiana,  the  (iingcr,  the  Turmcrie,  the  inebriating  Kitnt,  (/V/nc 
ii\itliiislii-iiiii,)  a  kind  of  Arrowroot,  resembling  the  potato,  (7%rV((,) 
and  the  Saccliariue  Tee  root,  (Drarttna  tii-mlii'ih'.-:,)  at  the  same  time 
the  best  (d'  p(U'table  fodder.  The  coniinon  timber  f^r  constructing 
houses,  boats,  various  inipleinents,  iuid  the  best  of  fuel,  is  here  the 
[iroduee  of  a  Mimosa,  {Afncia  Ititcnipli'/ll".)  For  lights  and  oil,  the 
A)o  1,101'  kernels  {Alcnn'tcs  trlliilin)  protbice  m\  excellent  and  inexhaust- 
ible sui'l'ly;  the  cocoanut  ami  the  fragni'.t  I'liiiiI'dins  idl'ord  dcli- 
IV 1* 


10 


1'  R  E  F  A  C  E. 


ciDiH  fooil,  conliiiT*'.  iiiid  iiiiits;  anil  tlio  vurv  ivi'ds,  rccliicccl  in  nize, 
wliicli  lionltT  llif  riviilots,  iiix'  no  otlior  tliun  tlio  jn'icious  migiir- 
I'iiiK'  ul'  ('(iiiinnTin'. 

Lt'a\  iiiir  this  liivonul  region  of  perpetual  inililness,  I  now  anivi'il 
on  tin;  shoi-is  of  ("alifornia,  at  Monterey.  The  early  spring  (March) 
had  aiivady  s)iread  out  its  vai'ied  earpct  of  ilowers;  all  of  them  had 
to  me  the  eharin  of  n<jvelty,  and  many  were  adorned  with  the  nmst 
hrilliant  and  varied  hues.  The  forest  tree.s  wore  new  to  my  view. 
A  magpie,  almost  like  that  of  Europe,  (hut  with  u  yellow  hill.) 
ehattered  from  the  hranehe-s  of  an  Oak  with  leaven  like  those  ol' 
the  Holly,  {(,hii  mi.s  0(/cij'(Jiit.)  A  thorny  (ioosebcrry,  forming  a  small 
tree,  apin-ared  elad  with  jiendulous  llowcrs  a.s  hrilliant  as  those  of  u 
l''urhsia.  .V  new  I'lane  Tree  .«]iread  its  wide  arms  over  tlie  <Iric(l 
rivulets.  .\  Ceanothus,  attaining  the  magnilinle  of  a  small  tree. 
loade<l  with  sky-hlue  withered  ilowers,  lay  on  the  rutle  wood-pile, 
eonsigned  to  the  menial  odiec  of  atlbnli)ig  fuel.  Already  the  cheer- 
ful nnicking-hird  sent  lortii  his  varied  melody,  witli  rapture  imi- 
tating the  nceel  notes  of  his  neighboring  songsters.  The  scenery 
was  mouuta.nous  and  varied,  one  vast  wilderness,  neglected  and 
uncultivated  ;  the  very  <  attle  appeared  as  wild  as  the  hison  of  ihe 
](rairies,  and  the  i)i'owling  wolves,  (f 'oyo/i.v,)  well  ted,  were  as  tann; 
as  dogs,  and  every  night  yelled  familiarly  through  the  village.  In 
this  legion  the  Olive  and  the  Vine  throve  with  luxuriiiice  and 
teemed  with  fruit;  the  I'riekly  I'ears  {Cdclii.i)  became  small  trees, 
and  the  rare  blooming  Aloe  {A(/'trc  Aiiiiricniiii)  ajipeared  eonsigned 
without  care  to  the  hedgerow  of  the  garden. 

After  a  perilous  passage  around  Cape  Horn,  the  dreary  eMicmity 
of  South  America,  amitl  niountains  of  ico  which  opposed  our  [>ro- 
gress  ill  unusual  array,  we  arrived  again  at  the  Hhore.s  of  the  At- 
lantic. Onec  more  I  hailed  those  delightful  scenes  of  nature  with 
which  I  had  been  so  long  associated.  I  rambled  again  through  the 
>hade  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  or  culled  some  rare  productions  of  Flora 
in  their  native  wilds.  ]!ut  the  "oft-told  tale"  approaches  to  its  close, 
und  1  must  now  bid  ii  long  adieu  to  the  "\ew  World,"  its  sylvan 
Beenes,  its  mountains,  wilds,  and  ;!ains;  and  heneef(M'th,  in  tin; 
evening  of  my  career,  1  return,  almost  an  e.xile,  to  tlio  lanil  of  my 
nativity. 


Sii 
Ir 

('; 
be 


«i 
|)> 

Oil 
Ln 
A I 
1" 


CONTEXTS  OF  VOLUMi:  FIUST. 


Wkstrun  Omc Qiicrfii.^  (ianynDa 1-1 

Ilolly-Lriivcd  Oak Qurrnis  >i;/rifi.n,i lii 

Hdcky  Mnuntiiin  Oiik Qiirrcu.'i  Kiid/llnlii !'■• 

I)im;.'!as  Oak Qi-itYHfl  Dmu/las;!  'JK 

I  )fiise-Flc)wi'rf il  Oak Q"'  reus  dnis[thir<i  -1 

Leu's  Oak Qiiirrns  Lriim -ir, 

Dwarf  Clifr-tmit Ca-^tuitni  uliiif-iUa oU 

Woslcni  liinli B<l<d>i  ()r.u,/uit,ii;.^ 40 

Oval-Leaved  Birch Ji'  Inlu  rlioinhiJoUa 41 

OreL'ou  Attlor Atom  Ori';/(in<( 44 

Thill-Leaved  Alder Aliws  hwofoUd  48 

Sea-Siilc  Alder Abuts  murtCtina  ("iO 

O|iaiiuo-Leaved  Elm U I  nuts  iquica .Ol 

TliDiiias's  Elm Vbaiis  nteciiwsa A:! 

Sniall-FniiteJ  lliekory (jin/a  mierocitrp't T).") 

Tnodornus  Candle  'L'rec Jfi/rica  uwdora Tiit 

('alifiirnia  Buttunwdud J'liitanus  raccmosn M 

Narrow-Leaved  lialsaiu  I'opUir I'lipidits  niujitstifilln (58 

l,iin;:-Leaved  Wilkiw .S'('/(>  spcciusn  74 

Lcinjr-Leaved  Bay  Willnw •Sulix  ptnlttndra 77 

Western  Yellow  \V illow Salix  lutca 7H 

Silver-Leaved  Willow tiidix:  artinphijlbt 87 

Uusky  Willow StiUx:  mdamqms !•■! 

California  Bay  Tree DriiiKiidii/lhitn  piwcijliniiit 10:2 

Larj^o-Leaved  Linden Td.in  liilcroplo/dd 107 

A nierican  JLiiigle lihizophom  A tihrhviiii 11- 

Florida  Guava P.^'idhtm  Im.iif'ilhun 1  lA 

II 


12 


C  0  N  T  !•  N  T  S. 


I 'i ii-k cil  Ciilyiitrantlips Oi';/i>trinithcs  llii/lnirulin 117 

Siiiiill-Le!ivi'(l  Eiigciiia Eni/i  iiia  ilii'lmlDma 120 

Tall  Eu;^i'iiiii Eidii  Ilia  pmnra 122 

15i)X-Lcaveil  Eugenia Eii(/iiii't  hii.r[fiiliii 1  J^i 

Indian  Aliuonil Ti  rnuHuVa  (■(tliipjni 1 25 

I!  lit  ton  Ticp ( 'oiHtciirpii.t  mrln 1 2M 

AVliitc  Mangrovf Lui/Kitculiriit  ruriiiiii.^n 1;!2 

Itabliit  lleny s'Ai/i/d  nlin  an/i  ii/m I:'i4 

Mountain  I'luni Xinuaia  Ainrrii-mm 138 

( )sa jrc  ( )rango M/irliirn  aiiraiilincd 140 

Sniall-Lcavod  Xottlo  Tree C'.Yfe  irlhrnhitu  147 

Long-Lcavcd  Nottle  Treo d'tts  liifi(/ifiillii  14S 

( 'licrry  Fi^  Ticc Fii'"-:  jk tlnDfiildtn 1/Jl 

Sliovt-Lfavi'il  Fig  Trt'i' Ficus  liririfilin I'lS 

Small-Fruited  Fig  Tree B''Ciis  awni 1  ')4 

Ked  Thorn Chittrgit-'^  mixjuinm 1  ")7 

Lant'o-Leaved  llaw thorn Crahrr/iis  (irhorc.^rcns 1 1 ii) 

Soft-Lea vid  Cherry (,c/V(m«  mutUs 1(14 

1  lolly-Leaved  Cherry t'  m.^iia  iUcifoini 1  iI.j 

Wild  1'luni I'rniMS  Anurwuii" lO'.t 

Hiver  Crab  Ajiple J';/rus  riciiU(ris 172 

American  Mountain  Abli Pijriis  Americana 17") 

Feather  IJush Carocarpit^  Udifuliti^^- 178 

Jamaica  Dogwood Pi.scidin  tri/thrim 1 80 

Jiroad-l'oddud  Acacia Ai'iirui  hdislUijiia 1 8:{ 

IJlunt-Leaved  Inga IiKj't  iiiii/nk-niti 181! 

Guadaloupe  1  nga Jiii/a  (iHudaliiinnis 188 

Jamaica  IJoxwood Sch<rj)\ ra  l)i(.ri/olia 190 

Tree  Ceanothus Ganothu.i  tlii/r.sijhiriis 193 

Snake-Wood Cotubrina  Amcricann 1  i^r) 

Carolina  Buckthorn lihamtuis  C'lrollniiiiiiis  I'.tH 

Manchinccl Hqtpomane  mancincUa 202 


PAnr 

117 

120 

122 

123 

125 

,12H 

,l:V2 

.134 

.138 

.140 

.147 

.148 

.1.^)1 

.1.-.4 
.1-.7 
.11)0 
.104 

..n;.') 
..if.'.t 

..172 
..17.') 

..178 
..ISO 
..18:5 
..ISO 
..188 
..100 
..lit:? 

..v.^r, 

...r.ts 

...202 


T  II  E 


NORTH  AMERICAN 

SYLYA. 


OAKS. 

Xa/iinil  Orilii;  Ci-iti.hth.t:.     Hiiinniii  r7"--'>''"'''>"i.  Mi)N(i:ii\. 

l'(II,Y.\N'l)KI.\. 

(JUEKCUS.    (ToruNEFORT.) 

.MdNO-.iTors.  M.M.K  flower.-)  in  l(io.-;e  ratkins  or  raocnios.  Oih/.r  inoiio- 
liliyllous,  nioi-o  or  less  deeply  .O-eleft.  Sl<tmnt.«,  five  to  ten  with 
short  liliinicntri,  tlic  luitliers  oval  and  2-eelled. 

J''i;M.u.i-:  flower  solitary,  witli  a  cup-shaiicd,  umlivided,  lieniisiilieiieal 
involueruni  formed  of  ag,i!;lutiiiated  inil)rieatc  scales,  sometimes 
free  at  the  summit.  ]\naiilli  minute,  superior.  Ovary  terminated 
l)y  two  to  three  sti.i^mas,  :5-(!elle)l,  \vitlj  two  ovule.s.  Nul  or 'jhtiiil 
ovate-eylindrie,  eoriaeeou^,  aial'.ijtiiooih,  l-eclled;  albumen  none, 
<,'erni  erect,  with  thiek'ajiir  fleshy:  cotyl  .lon.s. 

Trees  or  slirubs.' priuiciirjfij-';o^' tetnpera.'.c  rej;ioi's.  Loaves  alter- 
nate, stipulate,  simple.  Flowers  green  and  inconspicuous,  appearing 
hefore  the  complete  expansion  of  the  leaves.     Nearly  allied  to  tho 

Chestnuts,  ( ('aalnma.) 

18 


WESTERN   OAK. 

QiEitcrs  (j.MUiYAXA,  (null!.'!.  Mss.)  Ftilii-i  iiiUdIiiH.i,  ciliitrnli.-;  iilrim/iif 
iilitii.sis  si'iiniiti.'!  siililiis  j)iili(sniiHliUS,  lulllllis  t<((lii/lilliri>;  lnln.s  iilililsis  ,ii(li- 
(ii/iiitliliii.i  .•■iiiuriorili'i.f  fnhbUohis,  fnictiljus  ncssillhus,  I'liimla  .■hiIjIh  mi- 
Kjiltii  riifi  (/(/»<  sifiiiiiiKi.'id,  ."1/1(11  mis  lu-iiniimilis  pniicsn  utilnts,  (/luiidf  ui'nlit. 

(Ji  Kill  r.s  (i'irrj"i"i,  lIooKKii,  Kliir.  Bor.  Amor.,  vol.  ii.  y.  la'J. 

Ix  our  \s"i'st('rM  tonr  across  tlie  contiiii'iit.  no  ('cutiiri'  of  (Ik; 
landsi'MpL'  a|ijii'arc'(l  iii<mv  roniarkabk',  vl'Uw  passing  tlii'  Mis- 
sissippi to  till-  w'lle  alluvial  bortlerrt  of  tliL-  Platte,  tliau  tin- 
almost  total  absoncc  of  our  most  characteristic  forest  trees,  tlie 
Oaks.  When  at  lensitli  we  approached  the  IJocky  Mountains, 
or  Xortliern  Amies,  wi'  looked  in  vain  for  any  species  of  this 
important  L'enus;  and.  as  far  as  the  eye  could  trace,  we  com- 
monly saw  nothiuL'  hut  a  dark,  unbroken  mass  of  gijiantic  Firs 
anil  I'iiies.  It  was  not  till  we  had  nearly  reached  the  shores 
of  the  I'acillc.  that  we  a,i:ain  beheld  any  of  the?  Ikmiliar  fi'atures 
of  the  Atlantic  forest.  At  the  confluence  of  the  (-'olinnbia  and 
the  Wahlamet  we  pitched  our  tents  and  moored  our  vessel, 
which  had  passed  Cape  Horn,  beneath  the  spreading  shade  of 
majestic  Oaks.  With  the  first  appearance  of  extended  alluvial 
jilains,  immediately  below  the  .singular  falls  of  tlie  Oregon, 
called  the  Dalles,  or  Dykes,  we  observed,  for  the  first  time,  this 
Western  Oak  loaded  with  it.s  fruit. 

The  strong  rosembl'.ihce/ of  the  leaf  of  this  species  tt)  that 

of  the  Post  Oak'  {Quercih  'skUahi)   is  almost  a  libel  upon  our 

gigantic  jilant.  which  may  w'eU  rank  among  the  largest  of  its 

species.     It  at'i.iiis  the  lieigut  of  ninety  or  one  hundred  feet, 

if  not  more,  with  a  diameter  of  from  three  to  six  feet;  indeed, 

amidst  a  forest  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world  for  its  ex- 

ti'cme  elevation,  our  Oak  still  lH)re  a  strict  comparison  with  the 
14 


„.■.■#-*•■ 


i 


.     ri  I 


/(',.,/,/•„  (I„K 


Oin-rnis  (i;iiTv;iii,i 


f'fu'/n  tn''ii/:''t(ttf , 


W  i:  S  T  i;  K  N     OAK. 


IS 


i 


ivsl.      Il>  .liiiiiicl.T.  ill   iic;iiiv  all   ivsiuM'ts,  ciiials  llir   liiiii.Mis 

();lk    (if    Nnlllli'lll     Kliropc.    {(,).    lH.I,Ui'„/,ll,l  ;}     it.-<    Idl'lV    MUlllllit, 

iiiiil  fiitinnoiis  hniiiilii'.s  s|iiva(l  mit  I'ar  uml  widi",  all'tiidiii;^  tin' 
iiinst  |)crr«'ct  .shade;  and.  a><  a  iii(tmvs(|ii»!  tree,  it  is  mucii  tin- 
must  .sirikiii'T  in  llif  Western  iaiiilsfaiii-.  As  an  (itijeel  of 
ecDiiuiiiy,  wi-  foiiiid  it  of  tlie  last  iiiii"prtaiiee,  i  sel'iii  tiiiil>er 
lives  lieiii^'  scaree  aldiiL'  tile  Ore^iiii;  iiidei'd.  i  ii  other  Oak 
exists  aluiiir  the  enast  of  the  I'aiilic  Imt  the  iireseiit,  till  wi; 
iiiiive  at  the  alisohiti'  lioniidary  of  ('■  .l(>v:::.i.  Ilnw  far  it 
extends  to  the  iinrtli  1  am  mialile  to  sa . ,  Imt  prohalily  as 
I'ai  as  Noutka  Sound.  In  V\>\)vv  ('alilornia  it  is  .scaively  lomid 
hevond  .Monterey;  its  limit  is  prohalply  somewheie  heiwi'eii  the 
o.sth  and  "lOth  de^^ivo. 

The  wood  is  nMiiarkahly  white  lor  an  Oak,  lianl  and  lliu'- 
LTained.  and  well  suited  lor  almost  every  kind  of  constrnelion 
I'or  wliieh  the  White  Oak  or  En-lisli  0;ik  is  employed.  It  was 
used  hv  onr  trading;  jiarty  as  lianel--taves.  ami  was  loiind  no- 
wav  inl'erior  to  White  Oak.  Lofrs  ui'  it  hron.irht  a  iiood  price 
at  the  Saiidwieh  Islands;  and,  in  short,  there  is  .scaively  any 
lliiiii:  in  which  streiiL^th  or  diirahility  are  ri'iiuisito,  Cor  whicii 
tills  timlier  is  not  suited.  Tiie  acorns,  heinu-  sweet  and  a,L'ree- 
aliie.  i'onn  an  oxcfllent  mast  lor  hogs;  and  even  the  ahorijiines 
of  tiiis  ivfjioii,  who  ncvr  cnltivate  the  .soil,  employed  them  lor 
food,  lirst  preparinii-  them  \>y  stoving  and  ai'lerward  laying  them 
away  iindi'r  ground  i'or  future  use. 

Tlie  acorns  are  innch  larger  than  tlio-e  of  tlie  Post  Oak,  as 
well  IIS  loniider.  The  leaf  hears  a  considerable  vesemblance  to 
that  species,  but  is  smaller,  and,  in  fact,  intermediate  in  form 
between  it  and  the  Eiiroiiean  species,  ((^).  jxihiiKiilntd.)  It 
dilVers  Irom  Iv  tli  in  tlie  wliiteness  ol"  its  wood.  Tiie  bark  is 
whitish  and  si  y,  almost  similar  to  that  of  the  White  Oak. 
The  leaves  i'r  n  the  first  are  not  pubescent  above,  or  only 
.slightly  so  along  the  midrib;  the  hairs,  more  numerous  beneath, 
are,  as  in  many  other  species,  collected  into  stellated  clusters; 


4 


(Miciciis  Aoi'il'dliti 


i 


HOT.  L  Y-1,K  A  V  K  D     (»  A  K. 


17 


liitioii  of  this  remote  and  .singular  pa"t  of  the  Western  world. 
It  ajipear.s  more  sparingly  aromid  ^^onterey,  and  scarcely  ex- 
tends on  the  north  as  I'ar  as  the  line  of  tin;  Oregon  Territory. 
It  attains  the  height  of  ahoiit  forty  or  fifty  feet,  with  a  diameter 
rarely  exceeding  eighteen  inches.  The  hark  is  nearly  as  rough 
as  in  tiie  Kvd  Oak;  the  wood,  hard,  jjrittle,  and  reddish,  is  ns.'d 
only  for  the  purposes  of  fuel  or  the  coar.se  con.structiou  of  a  log 


cahni. 


As  an  ornamental  tree,  for  the  South  of  Europe  or  the 
wiirmer  States  of  the  Union,  we  may  recommend  this  species. 
It  forms  a  roundish  summit,  and  spreads  hut  little  till  it  attains 
a  considerahle  age ;  as  a  hedge,  it  would  form  a  very  clo.«o 
sheltei,  and  the  leaves,  evergreen  and  nearly  as  prickly  as  a, 
holly,  would  render  it  almost  impervious  to  most  animals. 

The  leaves  vary  from  roundish  ovate  to  elliptic,  and  are  of  u 
thick,  rigid  consistence,  the  serratures  rpiite  sharp;  the  yoniiL;' 
siioots  are  covei'cd  more  or  less  with  stellate  hairs,  and,  for 
.some  time,  tufls  of  this  kind  of  down  remain  on  the  under  side* 
of  the  midi'it)  of  the  leaves,  which  are,  however,  at  length  i)er- 
fectly  smooth  and  of  a  dark  green  ahovo,  often  tinged  with 
hrownish-jellow  heneath.  The  staminiferons  tlowers  are  very 
ahuiiihint  and  lather  conspicuous,  the  racemes  the  length  of 
tiiree  or  four  inciics,  the  lloweir  with  a  conspicuous  calyx  am' 
eight  to  ten  stamens.  The  fennile  or  fruit-hearing  liowers  are 
usually  in  pairs  in  the  axils,  or  juncture  of  tlie  leaf  wilh  the 
Mom,  and  .sessile,  or  witiiout  stalks.  The  cup  of  tiie  acoi'ii  is 
lirmispheri<'ai,  and  furnished  witii  loose,  lirownish  scales:  the 
acorn,  nnicii  longer  than  the  cup.  is  ovate  and  jiointcd. 

We  ilo  not  recollect  to  have  seen  this  tree  pnt[)erly  associated 
with  any  other,  except,  occasionalh',  the  f'/n/innis  riti-i  kxish^  ; 
their  shade  is  also  hostile  to  almost  every  kind  of  undergrowth. 

B}'   I'ersooii,  this   species  is  said   to  iia\-e   lieeu    louiid   on   the 

Ciustern  coast  of  North    .Vmcrii'a.   while    Pursh   attrihutcs   it  to 

the  northwest  coast,  ahout   Nootka  .Siund.      It  does  not,  how- 
v.. I,,  iv.-u 


18 


SM  A  I-L-L  K  A  VEI)     o  A  K. 


over,  pxteiid  cvon  to  the  torritoiy  of  Oregon.  a.s  far  as  my  ob- 
wrvatioiis  go.  Net-  says,  '•  I  Iiave  (tiily  wen  hranelies  eollected 
at  Monterey  and  Nootka."  The  leaves  of  the  young  [yhints  (if 
1  am  not  mistaken)  are  [jerfectiy  smootli  wlien  fn-st  deveh)ped, 
of  a  tliin  eoiisistenee,  witii  niimerous  slender,  sliarp  di'ntures; 
beneath  tlay  are  of  a  brownish-yellow  color,  and  appear 
smootii  and  shining. 

PLATE  II. 

A  >/(iii/ii/  lirmirli  ir'illi  litirnii  niiii iils.     <i,  A  lirinicli  irilli  kcodis. 


SQUALL-LEAVED   OAK. 

QrKlU'Us  DVMnsA.      linDiisi  /iriii'iJi'lm.'i  piihrsmilifiiis: ;  faliis  riiliiti(liiiii-oraU- 
bits  subxc.ssiUlius  fjiliioso-dchlnlls  tjIiihriHsculis,  fmbtus  rildisis  com-uhiribm. 

I  ORSKRVED  this  species  to  form  entangled  thickets  over  tlie 
base  of  the  hills  which  Hank  tiie  village  of  Santa  IJarbara,  in 
I'jjper  California.  It  attains  the  height  of  four  to  six  feet,  is 
of  a  very  unsightly  iippeai';ince,  forming  what  we  should  call 
Scrul)  Oak  thickets,  of  considerable  extent,  over  a  l)arreu  and 
rocky  soil,  which  denies  sustenance  to  almost  every  thing  else: 
the  branches  di\i(le  into  man}-  irregular,  straggling,  and  almost 
naked,  .slender  twigs,  clothed  with  a  whitish,  smooth  bark. 
The  leaves  are  evergri'en,  .'^iiiall,  and  wholly  ri'si'mble  tliose  of 
tiie  Did  mix  vociifi  ni.\m\  are  son;ewhat  pidx'scent  aliove  and 
softly  ,so  lieneath  ;  the  young  twigs  are  also  Iniiry,  with  a  iiei- 
si.sting  pubescence.  IJeiiig  unable  to  discover  upon  it  at  tlie 
season  I  visited  that  country  (in  tiie  month  of  April)  eitiicr 
llowers  or  fruit.  I  am  not  able  to  "ive  a  liLiiire  of  it  that  would 
^(?  at  all  intcrcstiii'j. 


I 


I 


,1 


^ 


I'MII. 


itiii'iTiis  riidiii.'ii.'i 

/,. ..'.  1   Miiiinliiiii  l>iil,  I'liiiii    iiiiiIhIi 


ROCKY    ]\IOUXTAIX   OAK. 


(2ii:i;ris  rxiiii.ATA.  Friilirii.^ii  ;v^/((i/.v;.N.,,'„(,.' ,•  /',,/,7.v  jh  I'l  iwiiil'liii.1  liri  ri- 
jM  linliitl.-i  (jliloiii/is  tii'Hd.s  ^ti»ii((,l(,.,ii  tii'dis  ilcniiliiis  iicntis,  hd.^i  i-niiuitii, 
siihln.t  iiiilr.yiilntki-tuiiK  idusif,  sH[mi  iiiliills ;  J'riirllliiis  !<itlj!-<ilil<irii.s  scs- 

v/7,7/»X,     flljllllil     li(  Hli-^llll'iri'-'l     .^Ijll'lllli-:     (//l/z/l.^xV,     (jIllKlh      (ll-lltll     ll'.'lilll. — 

ToiiKDV,   ill    tlio    Aimiils   dl'  llu'    Lyi't'um    of  Xcw    Yurk,   vol.   ii. 
II.  24S. 

This  (hviuf  Oiik,  considoniblv  iiUiod  to  our  small-lcavcd 
lircccdiiig  species,  was  (liseovcrcil  liy  Dr.  James,  in  Long's  Ex- 
jiedition,  toward  tlic  soiirees  ol'  tlie  Canadian,  a  brancli  of  tiic 
Arkiuisas,  and  likewise  in  tlie  I'oeky  Mountains.  It  is  said 
to  lie  a  small,  stragiiliiig  sliriib.  witli  the  under  surface  of  the 
leaves  clothed  with  a  close,  whitish  tomentum  or  down,  more 
or  less  spread,  thouuh  UKjre  thinly,  also,  on  the  upper  surface, 
with  the  hairs  stellated.  The  leaves  are  small,  and  ,<omewliat 
resenihle  tho.se  of  the  Holly,  ahoiit  an  inch  and  a  half  or  two 
iiiiiies  loni;'.  rather  narrowed  at  the  base,  of  a  thick  and  rigiil 
consistence,  as  in  all  the  sempervirent  Oaks,  retieulately  veined 
beneath,  with  the  margin  sinuately  tootlied,  but  not.  tliat  I  can 
perceive,  waved,  as  tlie  specific  name  implies;  the  teeth  sharp 
and  acute  at  the  points;  above  somewhat  shining  and  minutely 
puliescent.  Tlie  acorns  are  large,  and  strongly  resemble  those 
of  the  r/ive  Oak;  tliey  are,  however,  without  stalks,  and  grow 
alone  or  in  pairs;  the  cup  is  deep  and  hemispherical,  with  the 
scales  pointed. 

It  is  so  nearly   allied   to  tlie  Holly  Oak  of  the    Sjiith  of 

Europe  [(^hivri-Ns  I/t.r)  that  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish  them. 

In  our  plant  the  ba.se  of  the  leaf  is  weilge-foniie<l ;   in  tlii'  Ilex 

it  is  usually  rounded,  the  bonier  less  dee|)ly  tot)thed,  and  not  in 

I'.i 


;.i« 


'JO 


Do  I' (i  LAS     OAK. 


tlu!  least  siniiiitcil.     Tin-  i'ii[)  find  iK'oni  aiv  wlioll}  .similai',  Imt 
ill  our  plant  a  little  laiycr  ami  less  poiiitfil. 

PLATE  III. 

A  liniiit'li  I J  lite  nalitfal  size,  ifillt  llw  uajni. 


DOUGLAS   OAK. 

(jriacri  s  l)ii\'(;i,.\sil.  l-'ulii^-  iiii/Klirnii/ial'i  ubliiii</ii-iiriili'ln(,--  hut'i  tutd'ts 
lidhAiili'!  .'•iiiiiiil'i-piini"iijiili-s  .^irclliitc  Idiiiil  iii</rcsiu'niiliiis,  .yiipru  iilidiris, 
i<tihlii.s  piil)cri<lf<;  hibi-'  brccilnta  aeiiihiscnU.'i,  jictinli.s  rtniKdi.-'tjiit'  jiiiituriliiis 
il(iiy(J'iilr(i-p(ih(fcittllliiis;  friicllliiis  si'.w/WyfM  Siilitiin'is  hiiiisrr,  oipiila 
In  iiii.-'pltimca  iknsc  sqiuoHusa  sijihuiiis  oratis  connxis  in  (ippcinlicini 
^iihnuinlmmaccam  fulvuin  (ipprcssuin  Uncarcm  ubliimm  j^ndiictl'i  jiiibm- 
ciiilibns;  (jlitudc  ovala  cupuJnm  triplo  siipn-aiitc  obtiim  cum  innboni' 
coniiv. — llooK.  Icon.  inod.     IIudk.  iuid  AhMit,  ISot.  lioechy,  \'.  -VM. 

This  curious  sju'eies.  of  wliieh  we  have  seen  only  u  dried 
s[ieeiuieii,  was  collected  in  I'^jper  Caliloruia,  and  hears  souu; 
afllnity  to  the  (^.  Gtirri/ciia.  According'  to  Hooker  and  Arnot, 
the  leaves  and  wli'le  appearance  of  tin-  plant  closely  resendtle 
Q.  dc^'siUjloi-a,  hut  with  dillerent  scales  to  the  cup  ol"  the  acorn. 
The  leaves  appear  to  l)o  sinalliT,  narrower,  and  less  deeply 
divided  than  in  (,).  (iiirn/umi.  The  young  leaves  are  covered 
with  down  on  both  sides,  and  the  lobes  tipped  with  short,  soft, 
acute  points. 

To  n.s,  the  branch  whicli  we  have  seen  bears  some  resem- 
blance, though  vague,  to  the  l\)st  Oak,  {Q.  fitdhifii.)  The  cni) 
and  acorn  is  also  somewhat  similar,  but  larger,  while  the  leaf  ir. 
smaller   and    scarcely   dilated    aljove.       The    under    surface    is 


3j 


I'l  l\ 


A  ii.jliis.ii'iil, 


()iicr(iis    hdiKiliisii 


(7i.,„   ,1,    ll.'iiiilus 


■I 


1 


^ 


1 


MS 


flw? 


Itriixr  IhmriYil   On/,- 


(^ii('r<'ii.s  Dcnsinoiii 


t'hntt'  n  th'niw'thitx^A' 


1)  EN  SE-F  LOWER  K  ')     <»A  K. 


21 


covi'ivil  witii   thu  f^aiiiu   stfllatfd   pulK'St'uiicv.     The  .stiLruKif>  uf 
lliu  Ibrtilo  llu"  _■,'  are  from  tlim;  to  five  in  luiinber. 

PLATE  IV. 

.1  bruia-li  vf  Ihi   iialiinil  si:,,  iri/h  iir„riis.      n.   Tin    iifid    r.ilhil  ((I'd  H'.diKj 
till/.      //.   Tin:  .-<hiin(iilj'(  rolls  jl'iiCi  r  ninjii'ijluL 


("a-  voi'Si.-;.  Amoiits  oloii^-ati'd  uiid  porsistuiil,  poriaiitli  lauugiiums, 
dividcil  l„  ;'ii'  liaso;  scalfs  of  tlio  siavailiii^i^  cup  loose  and  snuar- 
rose;  slaiiioiir,  cxsorU'd  ;  nut  soniewhat  aiiii'ulai-  ami  downy;  sti,^- 
nias  sovoral,  lUilbrni,  and  dc'ciduous. 

Troos  of  ()reij;oii,  Caliloniia.  and  flie  Hinia'  .ya  Mountains  in  Tudia, 
willi  the  asiieet  ol'  the  Cliostnut.  lieaves  .  ntiiv,  peiinateiy  nerved, 
^I'liipei'virent.  Anieiits  eh>n,i;-ated,  erect,  the  llower-;  eoiiji'lonu'rati'd. 
I'Vnile  llowers  .  .  .  .  i  To  tiiis  seition,  or  raljier  j;-eMUs,  lu'louir 
also,  as  t'ai'  as  tlie  nude  spueiniens  are  eoneerned,  the  (^na-iiis  ijhiincnda 
and  (hi(  rcis  sjiif(i/ii  ol'  l)r.  W'aliirh. 


DENSE-FLOAVEIIED  OAK 

(ilKKL'ljrj    UliN.Sin.OKA.      7''//(V.v   pen  DtnOlliliUs    ciin'tlnis   int'iiibilis   ulilniii/n 

liiiifiiilaflii  Ijiisl  oljlum  Imritir  naiiiiiniilis  piniUck  vcnum  iiilii/i  rrlini.i 
iiHiri/iii-  rii'iiliilis  jiininriliiis  julrii-fiii-fiiriirni-liiiiii  iitus'is  suhtiis  juill'ilinri- 
Liis  ihiiMin  ijdiliris,  aiiifiili^  imisriiliii  (Imiijatis  J'ulia  sKpcmiifiliKs  ilaisi- 
Jhin's  nilik  liiiiioitosis  viuic  <id  basin  Jhris  jiKiirofi  fcinimos  (/cniifibKn, 
j'ri(rl',biis  scs.silibiis,  ciiimbi  birci  hiiiiisplui  rira  (liiisc  sqiiiiinosii,  sijuniiii- 
biis  cbiiii/aki-linmribwi  buin  scrici  is,  i/Uimk  onUo-ijbilmsa  sn-iccu. — IliKnc. 
Icon.  JM.  ined.     Hook,  and  AuxdT,  Hot.  Beeihy,  p.  301. 

This  rennirkahle  tree,  .scarcely  a  true  Oak,  luil  conwneric  with 
siK'eies   in   the   llinuilayii   Mountains,  in   India,  is  a   native  of 


■11         oi'.si: j;  V  ATiuNs    on   the   oaks. 

rppcr  Ciilironii;!.  It  has  so  iiiucli  llie  apiicuranco  of  a  Clicst- 
iiiit,  tliat  tlio  cup  of  tlio  IVuit  alonu  attests  wliat  it  ivalh'  is. 
Tlio  leaves  are  overgroeii,  and  of  tlie  same  lancoolato  outline 
witli  tile  ('oiiiniou  Clicstiuit,  ]iavin,n'  similar  pemiato  '.erves,  l)iit 
I'lilire,  or  nearly  so,  on  tiie  marj;in;  at  first  they  are  softly 
clotlied  heneath  with  dense,  stt'llate,  Ijrownish  hairs,  but  at 
leiijitli  Iieeome  smooth:  they  are  about  four  inches  long  and  one 
to  one  and  a  (|uarter  wide.  The  catkins  arc  erect,  about  l()ur 
inciii's  long,  jireseiiting  the  ai)i)earancc  of  cylindric,  woolly 
si)ikes,  beset  with  numerous  o.x.serted  stamens  with,  long,  sleniler 
fdaments,  as  in  thi'  Chestnut.  The  cup  is  shallow  and  patulous, 
within  and  without  softly  sericeous,  the  scales  numerous  and 
aciuninate.  very  loose,  somewhat  s|)reading,  and  two  and  a  half 
to  three  lines  long.  The  acoi-n  is  large,  evidently  angular,  and 
mori'  convt'X  on  one  side,  covered  with  whitish  down,  and 
teiiuiuated  with  several  (iliform,  hi.uuginous,  and  deciduous 
stigmas. 

The  C'lixt'iiiiii  i-hnisiiiiJiiilhi  of  Douglas,  if  not  the  same  plant, 
a[)[i('ars  to  be  another  species  of  tills  section  or  genus. 

I'LATK   V. 

,1  lir(iiir]i  1,1'  till  iiiiliiriil  .--izf.     a.  Tin' (imni. 


OnSKUVATlOXS    ox    TllK    OAKS. 

QuKKCts  MAKiTiMV,  (l/ii'  MiiriliiiK  Oil/,'.)  'I'lie  fruit  of  this 
species,  and  sometimes  the  leaves,  ajiproacli  to  the  Willow 
Oak;  Ijiit  tliis  is  a  low,  shrubby  plant  of  the  Southern  States, 
with  sempervirent  leaves,  which  are  very  often  deeply  and 
distinctly  sinuated,  rigid,  with  ihe  lobes  often  obtuse  and 
uiuci'onate. 


i 


«.4iii» 


r'^ms^ 


O  I>.  S  E  I!  ^■  A  T  I  ()  N  S     (>  N     T  1 1  E     < )  A  K  S.  'I-', 

Qn-iirLS  MVHTiroi.iA,    {Murlk-Lnnxl    Ocl:)      01'  this  ek';i;..it 
and  cui-ious  species,  w(!  liiue  yet  no  materials  deserving  of  a 

ti'itire. 


QrERCl'S  STEI.LATA.  Q.  OliTrSII.OIlA,  Mlf'H.  {I'us/  (hil\)  The 
variety  which  1  iiientioned  in  the  flenera  of  Nortii  American 
plants,  vol.  ii.  p.  215,  under  the  name  of  ,3.  (hjm'»s<i,  rarely 
exceeds  three  feet  in  height,  and  hears  acorns  at  the  heiirht  of 
twelve  to  eijihteen  inches  from  the  ground.  I  lirst  ohserved  it 
on  the  hills  of  the  Missouri,  up  to  its  conliuence  with  the  river 
Platte,  and  it  is  also  almost  the  last  sjjecies  which  we  find  to 
the  westward.  I  have  since  met  with  apparently  the  same  low 
variety  on  the  gravelly  poor  hill.'  of  the  island  of  Martha's 
A'ineyard,  near  Massachusetts  Bay:  it  is  this  scruljljy  growth  of 
Oalv  which  still  ailbrds  shelter  to  the  grouse  on  that  island.  In 
some  parts  of  Massachusetts,  (according  to  Enun-son.)  the  usual 
largo  growth  of  this  tree  is  occasionally  met  witli.  The  species 
(if  ttuercns  wliicli  I  call  Q.  MI'JuiK.rii  is.  T  now  believe,  notiiing 
more  than  a  mer<'  variety  of  Q.  iir!iiii-'<. 

SwAMi'  Wiini-:  Oak,  (Qm r<'iix  hlctihn-.)  Of  this  species  1  first 
(iliserved  a  curinus  variety,  which  1  called  ■■}.  iimUis  or  Snj't- 
lidriil  iSiriiiiij)  <hil\  in  the  swampy  elevateil  fort'sts  of  tiie 
Hudson,  near  New  York;  it  occurs  likewise  near  riiiladelphia 
and  I'oslon.  The  leaves.  1  find,  are  of  the  same  form  as  in  V- 
Iwiildi:  hut  the  under  side  is  not  white,  hut  partly  ferruginous  or 
green,  and  softly  pul)esct'nt.  The  (piantity  of  this  clothing,  how- 
I'ver.  varii's,  and  in  hu'ge  leaves  it  becomes  very  thin.  It  forms 
a  soinewhat-jiyramidal  tree,  sixty  or  seventy  feet  high,  hranched 
nearly  from  the  base,  the  branches  detlected  and  intricately 
ramified.  The  leaves  are  narrowed  at  the  liase.  and  abru|itly 
dilated  toward  the  smiimit;  the  dentures  are  few  and  sonietiines 
almost  waidiug;  the  breadth  is  about  twotiiirds  of  tiu'  length; 
the  fruit-f-talk  or  pcduiu'le   filiform,  two  or   three   inches  long. 


■2\ 


( ti;  S  I-:  I!  \'  A  T  K  I  X  S     < »  N     'I'  HE     ()  A  K  S. 


Ix'iiriug  iihout  ouv  to  tliri'c  iioorns  (in  each.     It  iiiiiy  porluips  bo 
Qiwfcus  Jili/ui-mls  of  Muhlenberg's  Catahjgue,  page  87. 

MossY-CiT  Oak,  (Qiiirrm  oUrofoniu'i.)  Tliis  rare  Oak, 
(wliii'h  Michaux  t'oiiml  only  above  Albany  and  in  Gi'nesce.)  or 
at  least  a  variety  of  it  witli  less  attenuated  cups,  is  met  with  in 
Orange  county,  New  York,  where  it  was  observed  by  Dr. 
Ilorton;  and  it  al.«o  grows  near  Vernon,  in  Sussex  county,  New 
Jersey.  It  has  nuich  the  aspect  of  the  Water  White  Oak,  {(,). 
itlsfiilor.)  but  the  leaves  are  sinuated. 

White  Oak.  {Qn'i-cns  hIIhi.)  According  to  Emerson,  the 
roots  of  the  White  Oak  make  very  beautiful  furniture.  In 
England,  five  jioimds  sterling  have  been  given  for  the  roots  of  a 
Wiiite  Oak.  The  pieces  hiivc  lieen  taken  out,  and,  when  sawed 
and  planed,  present  a  wood  of  extraordinar}' biSiuty.  A  cal)ine|. 
and  table  maile  from  the  forked  branches  of  this  Oak.  now  in 
tiie  possession  of  Mr.  ('.  J.  Wister,  in  Gerinantown,  Pa.,  may 
well  vie  with  the  fniest  woods  known:  it  is  of  a  clear,  pide 
yellow,  iuidining  to  olive,  and  feathered  in  the  most  beautiful 
manner;  the  polish  is  also  er^ual  to  that  of  the  finest  nudiogany. 


I)A1!TI!Am's  Oak.  (QmrinK  Inii niplnjlhi,  Micu.  vol.  i.  ])1.  Ifi.) 
Tliis  cui'ions  tree,  whicii,  in  LSoT,  had  attained  the  height  ol' 
(ifty  feet  and  a  circund'erenco  of  three  feet  nine  iu<'hes,  was 
inadvertently  cut  down,  and  with  it  the  species,  if  such  it  was, 
appeared  to  be  annihilated;  but  Thonnis  (I.  Lea,  Ks(|.,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, informs  me  ■•that  several  year.s  ago  he  discovered  an 
Oak  between  two  and  thn"'  miles  north  of  that  cit_>.  the  leaves 
and  Iruit  of  which  accord  witli  Michaux's  figure.  The  leaves 
are  sometimes  larger  than  those  represented,  but  with  the  same 
outline,  irregularly  and  coarsely  toothed,  or  subdobed,  and  on 
!ongish  petioles:  tiie  margin  is  very  randy  entire.  The  tree  is 
about  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  in  a  vigorous  state  of  growtli. 


m 


/.,,..'■  link  (■'""•    •''    '-' 


So 
w 
111 
wi 
in 

IK 

I'ii 

'M 
IV 
in 


LKA'S    OAK. 


25 


Soino  snuttiTiiig  Oiiks  of  other  npt'cics  iiru  in  its  iniineiliiitc- 
iici-iilmilioo'l.  1  tiiink  it  is  not  a  variety  of  V-  imhnr„n,u 
many  trees  of  which  I  liiive  exiiiniucl,  l)iit  never  I'oinid  them 
with  loiivcH  the  least  indeuteil.  The  Q.  iilt'llos"  to  wiiieii  it 
niijiht  he  allied,  "does  not  grow  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati, 
nor,  that  I  know  of,  in  any  part  of  Oliio:  this  tive,  therefore, 
cannot  he  a  variety  of  that  Hpecies."  Its  nearest  aninity 
appears  to  nie  to  he  to  the  QiKnux  (imhiipin  of  Michaux,  Ji'., 
from  which  it  is  prineipiilly  distinguished  Ky  the  luirrower  and 
more  simi)le  divisions  oi  its  leaves. 


LEA'S   OAK. 

Qtn;nrrs  Lkana.  F"l<i^  mnnhnnmcrls,  lom/i.^.^onr  prUahtH.^,  ohlom/o- 
orullhiis,  ba.-<i  rotuhdiilk;  .•^iilnvnl'ili'-'^,  ^hiiiiiUi-pinmdlfuli.-;  dnnnw  f/hilin.^; 
loh'is  lulls  inlrgris  sdacco-acumlmiUs ;  fntrlllni.t  hirri-iiKlinl/nli's ;  ,s■.,///.//v/,^■ 
lihilm;  oipiih  !(cmi'>phcci'k%  sipiamis  oralis  ohtum,  r/lnmlc  xnlijlohosa 
viltitla  siibsniii-iiiintntsir,  rum  vmhone  birvi  comco. 

Or  this  remarkahly-amhignons  Oak  I  ha^e  already  spoken,  in 

a  note  on  Q.  htfnijJii/lln,  having  at  that  time,  in  concert  with 

Mr.  Tliomas  G.  Lea,  its  discoverer,  considered  it  as  a  variety  of 

that  rare  species,  or  some  analogous  hyhrid.     Other  specimens, 

accompanied  with  the  ripe  gland.s,  have  now  convinced  me  that 

it  is  cither  a  distinct  .species  or  another  strange  hyhrid;  hut,  as  I 

am  hy  no  means  satisfied  of  the  existence  of  such  spontaneous 

mixed  races  among  our  Oaks,  I  have  taken  tlie  liherty  of  giving 

it  as  a  species,  and  dedicating  it  to  its  discoverer,  an  ardent  and 

successful  hotanist.     I  shall  also  tiike  the  liherty  of  adding  a 

quotation  from  Mr.  Lea's  notes,  made  on  this  plant  and  sent  to 

me  with  the  specimens. 
iv.-'J* 


2G 


LEA'S    OAK. 


"The  fruit  rosoniblcs  IMicIiMux's  flu'iirc  of  Q.  hiUroplniVa,  hut 
difli'vs  in  heiii.o;  more  ilopn'sscd  and  ol)tiiso  at  thi  .«uininit.  I'lu; 
cups,  I  thiuk.  arc  alike.  Tho  loaves  arc  on  loiiiivr  petioles,  imt 
accord  in  being  inclined  to  lie  cordate  at  base.  If  it  is  a  h\  brid, 
it  may  have  come  from  the  Q.  Iinhn'rarla,  or  (,K  /lii'lurin,  or  (J. 
(■iicc'nim.  Tho  fruit  is  too  widely  dillercnt  from  Q.  ruhra.  Tho 
xdmiclcfi  arc  about  the  same  leniith  as  in  mv  specimens  of 


; 


^^pecnncns  of  (^. 
ihrifiirlii ;    in   Michaux's   fi,^urc  of   tliat  species,  the    fruit    is 


represi'nted  as  nis)<i 


i/f,  which  I  think  is  wrong.     The  iict'mJi 


1-1  an; 


much  lonucr  than  ui 


0. 


uiiiincdrni. 


the  leaves  laruer  and  nion 


obtuse  at  base.  These  modilications  (if  it  is  a  hybrid)  may  Iw 
derived  from  the  long  petioles  and  larger  leaves  of  the  Black 
and  Scarlet  OaL-.s.  1  thiidt  it  does  not  partake  of  Qiirrcii-t 
'jilnlloi,  (Willow  Oak.)  a  specieH  that  doc's  not  grow,  to  my 
knowledge,  within  several  hundred  miles  uf  this  plaei^,  ((Jin- 
cinnati.) 


•I  saw  two  individuals  of  (J.  j>Jif/l(j-i  in  the  IJartram  ganl 


en. 


vhich  Colitnel  CaiT  assured  me  were  propagated  from  the  seed 
(if  the  original  IJartram  ( »:,k.  Certainly  our  plant  is  vci'v  like 
Michanx's  ligure;  liiit.  as  that  apjiears  to  be  a  hylirid  of  f,l. 
jihilhis,  I  think  they  nnist  be  considered  distinct.  If  uur.s  be  a 
.ely  comes  I'rom  Q.  iinliricarl<(  and  ^i'.  /iin/nrin, 


livhrn 


lit 


nios 


or  '■'/•:cui(  a. 


1  have  liiund   b.it  a  sinule  stoelv  of  thi>.  (about  five  yeai's 


It  <; 


rows  three  miles  IK 


ortli 


(.'inciiniati."' 


1  confess  1  .«je  too  little  reseiid 


ilanee  i 


n  our  plant  with  Q. 


■iitihf'nnria  to  n,rree  with  ni}'  friend,  Mr.  T.  (i.  I^ea,  as  to  any  hy- 
bri(i  c  nuKH'tion  with  that  remotely-allied  species,  lietwixt  tlu^ 
Gray  Oak  (V.  <(iiihi<jit<i,  Mien.)  and  y.  liiKforin  I  peret'lve  a 
nearer  resemlilance.  The  fruit  apj)ears  to  be  wholly  that  of 
the  firay  Oalc.  Tho  gland  in  iioth  is  striated,  ami  Avitb  a  small 
conic  proji'ction.  In  ou'.  jilant.  however,  flic  base  of  the  gland 
and    that  of  the  i-up   are  yellou',  indicating  its  alliance   to  (,i. 


tinclufiii. 


Th 


•rs  wiiollv   fnaii  lioth   in  its  simple  uii- 


'■'^ 


LEA'S     OAK. 


27 


tlividod  lobes,  though  tho  long  petiole  and  rounded  Ijaso  is  that 
oi'ttiir/orio.  Scarce  as  tliis  species  yet  appears  to  be,  under  tiio 
])resent  circumstances,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  it  of  a  distinct 
race,  with  features  as  distinct  ns  any  species  in  the  genus;  for 
tlie  (mi  y  Oalc,  being,  1  believe,  unknown  in  Ohio,  is  again  out 
of  the  r(uestion.  1  suspect  it  is  in  all  physical  respects  allied  to 
tiii'lorln,  and  would  eciually  aflin-d  a  yellow  dyelng-niaterial. 

Tiie  full-grown  leaves  are  from  live  to  five  and  a  half  inches 
long  iiy  three  to  three  and  a  half  wide,  sniootli  and  shining 
above,  with  a  snudl  liui'utity  of  deciduous  stellate  pubescence 
beneath.  The  lobes  are  ab-ut  a  single  pair  on  a  side:  tiie 
central  lolie  only'  sometimes  again  subdivided  into  three  lesser 
lobes,  all  of  tlieui  endiiig  ill  bristles.  Tlie  base  is  rounded,  and 
ufU'ii  hollowed  out.  o;  somwhat  siiuuiteil  Tlie  buds  .ire  small 
am!  brown.  The  fertile  llower  often  by  tlirees,  ou  a  short, 
thick,  eonnnon  pedicle,  the  nr  'die  ll.iwer  abortive.  .Male 
liowers  ....  not  seen.  Ciiiis  raUier  deep,  as  in  Q.  (iurfdnn, 
with  the  scales  ovate,  o])tuse,  and  closely  imbricated.  The 
acorn  roundish,  somewhat  ovate,  bi'oadly  striate,  with  a  short 
roundish  conic  point  or  umbo  about  half-way,  or  nearly  so, 
ininiei'sed  in  the  en[). 

]M,.\T1::  Y.  (/-;.<.) 
A  lifdiirhitf  (hx  iwtiinilxizc  ii-'tlh  J'fiiit.     (I.   .."<■  ciqi.     Ii.   Th:  ijl'iml. 


Tiie  Wu.Low  Oak  appears  to  he  very  nearly  allied  to  the 
('lu>ter-K'aved  Oak  of  New  Spain,  {<Jii<  itii^  rui,f<  ilijlom.)  liginvd 
and  deserihed  by  Uiiiuiioldt  and  IJoniiland;  but  in  that.  lhoiii;h 
otherwise  so  very  (similar,  the  leaves  are  hairy  beneath,  while 
ours  are  pcrlecti_\'  smooth. 

The  Wu.i.ow  O.VK  i.-.  found  as  far  west  as  (he  hanks  of  the 
Arkansas  and  several  of  its  branches. 


28 


OBSERVATIONS     ON     THE     OAKS. 


Live  Oak,  {Qncnm/i  v!n)if>.)  Tret'H  ncir  Mrignolia,  in  West 
Florida,  occur  of  eight  to  nine  feet  diameter:  it  consequently 
aflbrds  large  tindxn".  Great  quantities  of  this  -wood  are  now 
brought  from  the  coast  of  West  Florida.  According  to  Wm. 
Eartram,  the  Live  Oaks  on  the  St.  Jolm's  in  East  Florida  arc 
from  twelve  to  eighteen  feet  in  circumference;  the  trunk  there 
rises  only  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet,  when  it  throws  out  three 
to  five  large  limbs,  which  continue  to  grow  in  nearly  a  horizontal 
direction,  each  limb  forming  a  gentle  curve  from  its  base  to  its 
extremity,  [Biiiiramfi  Tnirdu,  p.  8');)  and  he  adds,  '•!  have 
stepped  above  fifty  paces  on  a  line  from  the  trunk  of  one  of 
+hese  trees  to  the  extremity  of  the  branches."  The  wood  is 
almost  incorruptible,  even  in  the  open  air.  The  acorn  is  small, 
agreeable  to  the  taste  when  roasted,  and  in  this  state  they  are 
eaten  by  the  aborigines  as  we  do  chestnuts. 

Stately  avenues  are  formed  of  the  Live  Oak  in  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia,  which,  robed  in  Long  JIoss,  put  on  an  air  of 
sombre  grandeur  and  M-ildnes.s. 

In  addition  to  the  geographical  limits  of  the  Oaks,  I  niiiy  add 
that,  according  to  the  oljservations  of  Emerson,  the  liui-l-  Chrst- 
Hiit  Onk  [Q}iernis  montuna,  Wii.i.D.)  occurs  in  many  parts  of 
jMa,«sachusetts;  he  lias  also  found  the  Yclloin  Oak  (Q.  ntsldnni, 
Wii.i.D.)  about  Agameuticus  JVIountain  in  York,  i'NIaine.  "It  is 
also  found  at  Saco,  in  Maine,  twenty-five  miles  farther  north."' 
The  Black  Oul-  {Q.  t:n<-t<iri<i)  "is  found  in  York  county,  Maine. 
Q.  pdJii-sfrls  (Pin  Onk)  is  ven/  rare  in  Massachusetts.''  Mr. 
Emerson  also  corroborates  my  own  observations  concerning  the 
prevalence  of  the  Ihsl  Oak  on  the  islantl  of  Martha's  \'ineyard, 
and  adds  that  '"it  hardly  exceeds  twenty  inches  in  diameter 
and  thirty  feet  in  height,"  which  is  a  (.'ircumstance  I  had  over- 
looked, its  prevailing  character  there  being  that  of  a  shrub. 

The  Oakx,  though  a  very  extensive  genus,  are  confined  to  the 
Northern   Lcmi.sphere.      Besides    the  numerous  species  which 


OBSERVATIONS     ON     THE     OAKS.  iiO 

l)orviHlo  tlic  United  States,  (sixteen  were  discovered  by  Nee  in 
Me.\ico  and  New  Spiiiii,  one  of  wliicli,  the  Q.  (ir/r!/ijli'ii,  is  found 
in  iJjJiR-.  Ctdifoniia;  twei'ty-oiie  species  were  added  to  the 
Flora  of  North  America  1)y  Ilnndjoldt  and  r.onphind,  found 
also  in  New  Spain;  four  species  were  discovered  in  Japan  by 
Thunberg;  two  in  China  by  Bunge;  one  in  Cochin  China,  and 
one  in  the  island  of  Formosa;  two  very  reniarl^able  species, 
with  lanceolate  entire  leaves  and  very  long  spikes  of  llowers, 
lilce  those  of  a  Chestnnt,  were  met  with  in  Nei)aul  by  Wallii'h; 
six  other  species  likewise  exist  in  that  portion  of  India;  Europe, 
chiefly  the  southern  part,  Northern  Africa,  and  Armenia,  aflbnl 
about  twenty-!  ight  species  and  several  varieties;  Java,  Sumatra, 
and  the  Molucca  Islands,  also  produce  ninetiiii  sjiecies.  Thus 
it  ajipears,  of  the  whole  nuinl)er,  according  to  the  eiunneratiou 
of  Willdenow  and  more  recent  il'  ivories,  the  Old  Worhl 
contains  sixty-three  species,  and  Nortu  Aiii-rica,  including  New 
Spain,  about  seventy-four.  Of  these  the  United  Stati.s  posse.ss 
about  thirty-seven,  and  New  Spain  the  same  numbi  r.  To  these 
I  may  also  add  an  additional  species  fnim  the  ishiml  'I"  Cuba, 
nearly  allied  to  our  Southern  Gray  Oak,  {Q.flin  rai :)  this  1  pro- 
pose to  call,  after  its  discoverer,  M.  La  Sagra, 

QuKiiCus  Sagk.kaxa.  FiiVn-i  ]>crcnnantiljii.s  ohl<iii</(H:Uijitlvi^ 
<,lHvnlin(jU(',  'uifci/r!>i  h.  mihlohnt'iH  hrccl  jK'Hohdw  ohtitma  nlthlis 
inuniine  trmliitis  niihliis  totiu  nloxi-i  iifrrdni.s  nu/ialliii/lx,  fiiutiliiit 
liiiiis  prdiir//is  Incro-ssdtix,  ciijnihi  Ju  inl-^iilio  rira.  srjHinins  (iji/in.>i>^hi, 
wr  (irala. 

This  species  apparently  liu'ms  a  tree.  The  b>aves  are  broadn 
than  those  of  the  Gray  Oak,  of  a  thick  and  rigid  textmv.  an<l 
are  strongly  veined  both  above  and  beneath  ;  they  are  al)out 
two  and  one-third  inches  lon^;-  and  about  one  inch  wide. 


Atl'tit'iiiiKi'  Ohsirrnlidtts.  In  density  and  hardness  tlit>  Live 
Oak  nuich  exceeds  every  other  species  of  the  genus  hitherto 
examined.     At  first  glance,  and  aided  by  its  great  weight,  it 


;.( 


.'10 


A  I)  ])  I  T  I  O  N  A  L     ()  B  S  E  11  V  A  T  T  0  N  S. 


aj)pears  almost  like  Li,i;iuiin-\'it:v.  Tlio  sap-wood  is  ui'  a  pah; 
lirowiiisli-yi'llow,  the  perluot  wood  of  a  pale  cliestmU-hrdwii,  and 
till'  fxtreinely  ilnc  sawdtif^l  almost  as  bright  a  brown  ns  tiiiit 
I'rom  mahogany.  Growing  in  a  climate  .subject  to  small  c'  Migcs 
ol'  teiiijicrature.  and  licing  evergreen,  the  woody  circles  of  a.  '.ual 
inerenienl  aie  very  I'aint  and  obscurely  marked,  wliieh  adds  to 
tlie  common  density  of  the  fibres.  These  rings,  on  young  trees, 
^■ary  from  one  to  two  lines  in  wiil'i,  but  in  the  older  wood  they 
are  much  narrower.  One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  thi.s 
wood,  however,  is  the  distinctness  of  the  medullary  rays,  which 
traverse  in  strong  and  i)ale  lines  the  faint  waves  of  the  annual 
incriiiunts.  For  the  first  forty  (;'.'  fifty  years,  tiie  Live  (lak 
appears  to  increase!  in  the  bullc  of  its  trunk  as  fast  as  our  AVhite 
<):ik  ;  Ijiit  after  that  jieriod  the  growth  is  nuicli  more  slow;  still, 
t'.ie  densit}-  oi'  its  wood  is  so  great,  that,  thrcugh  a  strong  mag- 
nifier, the  pores  and  vessels  are  barely  visible.  In  the  ruited 
States  Navy  Yard,  in  this  place,  I  have  measured  a  squared  log 
of  Live  Oak,  thirty-two  fe(>t  long,  which  -probalily  li  rmed  the 
trunk  of  a  tree  not  less  than  llfty  to  sixty  feet  in  height.  The 
present  \alue  of  moulded  Live  Oak  varies  from  $1.'JII  to  SI., 'Id 
and  .^l.l  I  [)er  cuiiic  foot.  Promiscuous  unprefiared  logs  sell 
from  !?L-U  to  9S  cnits  an<l  SI  the  cubic  foot.  Some  very  choice; 
tiudicr  sells  as  high  as  ijl.n.").  This  valuable  timber  has  l>een 
em[)loyed  in  the  United  States  na\y  between  fifty  and  sixty 
jears. 

Little  is  jet  known  respecting  tlie  southern  limits  of  Ibis 
species  of  Oak,  though  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  con- 
(iinu's  along  the  borders  of  the  Mexican  Oidf  to  Yucatan.  Dr. 
liurrnughs  inliirms  me  that  it  ■-  said  to  Ih'  llauid  growing  on 
the  banks  of  the  Alvarado  Iviver,  about  seventy-five  miles  south 
of  A'era  Cruz.  1  am  also  infoiiued  of  the  existence  of  tlie  Tave 
Oak  near  Matagoi-da  in  Texas. 

It  is  stated  in  a  late  Texiiu  pM[)er  that  an  i'luglisb  company 
have   recently  landed   on    the    IJrazos,  in   the   neighborhood  of 


ADDITIONAL    0  I!  S  E  R  V  A  T  IONS. 


]5ra/oria,  for  tlio  iiurpnsc  of  gcttiiijr  out  Live  Oak.  TIk^j  iU'o 
8aiil  to  liave  contracted  witli  the  English  Governniont  to  tlcliver 
two  millions  of  ciiliic  feet.  Th«  country  about  IJra/oria  i:^ 
luadcil  with  enormous  trees,  some  of  them  castin,;^  a  shade  of 
one  Iiundred  and  fd'ty  feet  in  diameter.  The  Live  Oak  extends 
into  Texas  at  least  one  hundred  and  lll'ty  miles,  according  U)  the 
ol)servations  of  Dr.  Casper  Wister,  Jr.,  of  Germantown,  Pa. 

John  Lenthall,  Es(j.,  United  States  Naval  C'onstruLtor,  ha. 
favored  mo  with  the  following  remarlvs  concerning  the  timber 
used  in  the  United  States  navy. 

The  frames  and  principal  [)ieces  are  all  of  Live  Oak;  and  tiu^ 
frames  of  several  of  our  .ships  that  were  cut  I'rom  the  islands  of 
Georgia  and  on  the  coast,  thirty  years  since,  are  still  in  an 
excellent  condition,  though  in  some  ships,  in  \vhieh  the  timlxu' 
was  cut  inland,  the  result  i.s  not  so  favoraljle.  The  weight  of  a 
cubic  loot  varies  from  seventy-three  to  seventy-eight  pounds. 
This  timber  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  ship-building,  and  is 
scarcely  lit  ibr  any  thing  else,  being  short  and  eroola'd,  so  that 
the  timbers  are  rarely  grain-cut. 

The  White  Oak,  usi'd  almost  exclusively  for  plaids,  is  cut  froi.' 
the  seabiKird  of  the  Middle  States,  and  is  e<(u;d  to  the  be^  c 
English  or  foreign  tindjer.  Tin-  Ued  Oak  is  never  useil.  The 
Oak  from  Canada  is  tliat  wiiieh  ha:  ,  'uerally  been  irtrodiiced 
into  Englan<l,  and  from  it  a  very  erroneous  opinion  has  been 
fornu'd  with  regard  to  the  Oak  timl)er  of  the  United  States,  for 
the  Northern  tindjor  is  nuich  ini'erior  to  that  from  the  Soutliern 
States,  and  is  never  usi'd.  A  cubic  foot  of  unseasoned  White; 
Oak  weighs  from  lifty-eight  to  sixty  pounds,  and  when  wasoned, 
forty-seven  to  forty-nine  iiounds.  White  Oak  tind)er  is  often 
brought  from  the  Lakes  and  used  for  keels  and  bottom-planks; 
but  for  upper  works  that  from  thi'  Delaware  and  Chesapeake 
I5ay  is  preferred,  bein  ■  inueli  stronger  and  mow  durable.  Tliiti 
Lake  tiudjer  is  princi)  ..ly  to  1k'  founil  at  New  York. 

From  the   l)ebi,,.ii'<'   River  and  Ciiesapeake    Hay  large  ipiini- 


i' 


'.VI  A  D  D  I  T  H)  N  A  L    OBSERVATION  S. 

titles  of  White  Oiiiv  iiro  liivowiso  shipped  for  the  Eiistern  States, 
of  which  tlie  hetter  class  of  ships  arc  built.  A  great  deal  of 
I'iiie  tiiuher  is  also  shipped  from  thence  for  the  same  purpose. 


The  Quercitron  is  the  hark  of  the  Qiirrcu-i  tlnr'-triu,  h'ccd  from 
the  ei)idcrmis.  Besides  tannin,  it  contains  a  yellow  coloring- 
matter,  which  nui}'  l)e  extracted  by  water,  and  which,  on  evapo- 
ration, yields  a  pecvdiar  extract  to  the  amount  of  eight  per  cent, 
of  the  hark  employed.  The  tannin  belongs  to  that  variety 
which  ])recipitates  iron  of  a  green  color.  This  tannin  is  very 
injurious  to  the  color,  because  it  is  precipitated  by  the  same 
reagents  with  the  color,  and  imparts  to  it  a  brownish  tint.  To 
obtain  the  coloring-matter  free  from  it,  a  bladder  softened  in 
water,  and  cut  into  small  pieces,  freed  from  all  the  parts  which 
are  solulile  in  water,  is  api)lied  to  the  infusion  of  the  Quercitron 
bark,  which  takes  up  the  tannin;  or  it  may  be  precipitated  by  a 
solution  of  isinglass. 

According  to  Chevreul,  the  coloilng-nuitter  wiiich  he  calls 
((uercltrin,  although  not  a  slmi)le  sul)stance,  is  obtained  by  cau- 
tiously concentrating  an  infusion  of  (iuercltron.  A  crystalline 
substance  then  precl[)ltates,  which,  while  yet  in  suspension  iu 
the  li(piid,  imparts  to  it  a  pearly  a})[)earance.  It  exhibits  a. 
slight  acid  reaction  by  curcuma-paper.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in 
t'ther,  but  more  comi)letely  so  in  alcohol.  Water  dissolves  it; 
and  lli(>  solutupn  becomes  orange-yellow  by  the  addition  of  alkali. 
The  acetate  of  U'ad  and  of  copper,  as  well  as  the  protochlorid(! 
of  tin,  precipitate  it  in  yellow  Hakes.  Sul[)liate  of  the  peroxide 
of  iron  colors  it  at  f'"  a  olive-green,  and  then  causes  a  precipitate. 
.Suli)liuric  acid  dissolves  (jnercitrin,  and  the  greenish-orange 
colored  solution  becouies  cloudy  by  the  aildltion  of  water.  By 
dry  distillation  it  yields,  among  other  products,  a  liquid  which 
soon  crystallizes,  the  crystals  possessuig  all  the  properties  of 
(piercitrin. 

In  the  dyeing-establishments  the  clear  yellow  color  is  obtained 


A  I)  I)  I  T  I  < )  N  A  L     < )  1!  S  R  R  V  A  T  I  0  N  S.  '■)'■'< 

by  proripitating  tlic  tannin  by  meuns  of  a  soliiti'm  oC  gluo  or 
biittcrniilk;  tlio  coloring-matter  then  .vmaining  in  the  solution 
is  mixed  with  the  solution  of  alum  anil  i.avbonato  of  potash,  by 
which  it  is  precipitated  of  a  yellow  eolo)'  in  combination  with 
the  alumina.  Protochloride  ol'  tin  also  pMxluces  with  it  a  strong 
yellow  precipitate. 


QuEUCUS  RUI3U.V?  The  largest  Ued  Oak  in  North  America, 
say.s  a  correspondent  of  the  Natchitoches  Herald,  can  be  seen 
on  the  plantation  of  W.  Smith,  Esq.,  eightee  i  miles  from  Natchi- 
toches, on  the  roiul  loading  to  Opelousas.  Thi.s  majestic  Oak 
stands  in  the  midst  of  a  ricii  and  lieavy  bottom,  on  the  Biiyou 
St.  Barb.  Two  feet  from  the  ground  it  measures  /"fl,'/-/'""' 
feet  in  circumference,  and  at  six  feet,  /fiirf;/-fin,  feet.  The  trunk 
api)ears  sound  and  healthy,  and  its  height,  fu  //n  hnui(li<-'',  is 
from  fifty  to  sixty  feet. 

From  Dr.  G.  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  I  learn  that  the  Wlilte 
Oak  [lliilhii)  and  the  Uock  Chestnut  Oak  {Q.  iiion/'UKi.  Wim.d.) 
■  grow  in  that  vicinity,  where  there  are  two  varieties  of  (.ich  with 
sessile  and  with  pedunculated  fruit,  in  thi..  respect  agreeing  with 
the  iiro  varieties  of  the  English  Oak,  {Q.  rul,iir.)  which  have 
been  considered  as  two  species,  lie  also  iulurms  me  that  the 
Chimpiepin  Oak  ((.A  j)ri,'nlth>%  Wii.i.i). ;  Q.  prhmy  rlinicijihi. 
Mich.  Sylva,  t.  11)  grows  connnonly  in  Southwestern  Missouri. 
lie  also  adds,  that  the  Spanish  Oak  {Q.  fulnifd)  he  has  only 
seen  in  the  southern  extremity  of  Missouri;  and  that  t  lO  Water 
Oak  {Q-  iK/iiiilii'ii)  grows  no  nearer  to  him  than  the  banks  of 
the  Arkansas. 

The  Sweet  Onm   Tree   {Lii/iiiildmlxir  ■'<ti/nif!jfna)  he  saw  on 

the  borders  of  the  Wabash  ;  it  grows  also  ir  Southern  Missouri. 

and  all  through  Arkansas  to  the  province  of  Texas;  but  lu'  has 

not  seen  it  throngli  the  greater  |)art  of  Missouri  and  Illinois. 

The  Black  flum  Tree.  {A>.s.,  ,inill!jl,>,;i,  Walt.  N.,  Sijlml'ini, 

Vol..  IV.-:! 


84 


ADDITION  A  L     O  B  S  E  R  V  A  T  IONS. 


Micii.  Sylva,  t.  110,)  acconling  to  Dr.  Engeliuann,  is  common 
in  tlie  souiliern  piu•t^  of  Mis.souri. 

The  Wiilioo  Elm  {Ulinm  ahda)  I'r.  Engelmann  finds  as  far 
north  in  Missouri  as  the  vicinity  of  Herculaneum. 

Aroimd  Cape  Girardeau,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  south  of 
St.  Louis,  he  also  observes  the  Tulip  Tree,  {Llrld'kndron.) 

Ik'cch  Trees,  the  doctor  informs  me,  he  has  not  seen  west  of 
the  Wal)ash,  except  near  Cape  Girardeau  :  they  grow  associated 
with  Pines  in  Western  Louisiana,  and  I  have  seen  them  in  the 
forests  which  border  the  Arkansas. 


CHESTNUT. 


Natural   Order,  Amkxtack.K,    (.Tuss.)     L'ninaan    Cla^^iJkntUm, 

M0N(ECIA,   l*(lI,VANI)lilA. 

CASTAXEA.*    (Toi-iiNKFoRT.) 

PoLYdAJirs.  Tlic  rmlc  amoiit  doiii^'iitcd,  coiiiim-ed  of  numorous 
iiitcrniptea  clusters  of  flowers,  with  a  iivo  or  six-parted  iH'riiiiitli. 
Stamens  ten  to  twenty.  Fcni'dc  flowers  iibout  three  in  an  ovoid 
murieate  valvular  involucrum.  Perianth  nrceolate,  5  or  G-eleft, 
havin,!,'  rudiments  of  abortive  stamens.  The  ovary  ineorpcirated 
witli  the  perianth,  the  stii^nia  pi'iieillate,  exserted,  its  divisions 
rigid  and  pungent.  Nuts  one  to  three,  inehuled  in  the  enlarging 
ecliinate,  4-cleft  involucrum. 

Tliesc  arc  trees  or  shrubs  of  temiterate  Europe  and  Xortli  Ame- 
rica, with  alternate,  stiiiulate,  nmcroiialeiy-serraled  leaves,  and  very 
long,  axilhuy  ainents.     Xuts  farimiceous,  edil^le. 


*  Si)  iiumoil  from  Cushiiicn,  a  town  of  Tho^siily,  near  llie  rivur  fcni-us,  wIuto 
lar'u  Cliostnut  Troos  are  still  louml. 


85 


DWARF   CITESTXUT. 

Castaxka   Ai.N'iroijA.      Dijirr.^sii,  fuliis   ulinvitlis   sHhaenlin,    nini'i'iiiinlii. 

Si  ri'dlis  snhciHitlis  jiiiiiurlhii.-i  siili/iis  iiahisiuntiliits,  innculis  JiliJ'iinnil/K" 

suliliin'i"  liynH'i)to!<is, 
fl  I'uiiK.scKXS.     FoU'is  liri  riiiriliiis,  kiIhIiI^  suliins  pKUscais, 
Ciialuiica  nlnlfuliit,  Nutt.,  (ion.  Am.,  vnl.  ii.  ]i.  217. 
C'lisi'dua  iiiiiui,  Elliott,  Kk..  vd.  ii.  i>.  til"i,  (not  of  Mulil.) 
I'(ii/i(s  j}aiii'l(i,  \ar.  prdi'ii.r,  AVaitur,  CaiMliii.,  ]>.  •S->-'>. 


A  SPECIKS  roiniirkaijlc  liir  its  (Iwurl'  jiniwtli,  aiul  iiisorttit  only 
to  coiiiiik'te  the  history  ol"  the  gLMiiis.  It  nu'uly  oxcced.s  ii  iiioL 
in  hi'iglit,  gi'owiug  in  >iinM  patches,  with  civcpiiig  routs.  1 
th'st  met  with  the  variet}-  ,:;  in  the  vicinity  ofMJhaileston,  South 
Cai'oHna;  al'lerwaid  the  suKjother  l\ind,  much  more  ahimilaiit. 


II 


UKl   111  lluwer  111   llie  iikji 


th. 


nth  of  March,  round  Talhihassee,  in 


West  FU)rida. 

Tiie  FloriiUaii  plant  is  scarcely  a  loot  in  height,  with  siiiooth, 
l)ur[)lisli-gray  branchlets;  the  leaves  obovate,  on  very  short 
petioles,  deeply  serrate,  obtuse  or  acute,  elliiitic-ol)ovate;  wiicn 
}ouiig,  whitish  })ubesceiit;  the  adult  almost  perl'ectly  smooth 
on  both  surl'aces;  about  three  inches  long  by  one  inch  or  more 
wide.  Stipules  subulate,  rather  persistent.  Mule  ameiits  soli- 
tary, long,  and  liliibrnv,  tomento.se.     The  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 

The  Charleston  jjlant  grows  in  sandy  pine-barrens,  and  the 
nut,  which  is  solitary,  is  said  by  Elliott  to  be  much  larger,  but 
less  abundant,  than  in  the  other  native  species.  This  plant 
rarely  exceeils  two  feet  in  height.  Its  leaves  are  glossy  above, 
pubescent,  but  not  tomentosc,  beneath.  Fertile  llowers  one  to 
three  ir  an  iiivolucrum,  only  one  i)erfected. 

The  wood  of  the  Chiiirpiepin,  (C.  pniiiHn,)  whenever  it  can 
be  obtained  large  enough  for  ])osts,  is  much  valued,  as  it  is  sup- 


■ 


uu 


r.'istnncii    alitilolwi. 


(iO  L  D  E  N  -  L  E  A  V  E  I)     CUEii  T  >.'  U  T. 


87 


posfd  to  ln!  moru  tluniliU'  wlicii   (.■xpo.seJ  to  tliu  \V(.'ather  lluui 
any  ollii  r  timljur  (.'.\oc[)t  the  lied  Ccdtir. — Eli.iott. 


I'LATE  VI. 

A  linuirh  vf  (lic.  iiutund  !•(<•'. 


GOLDEX-LEAYED   CHESTNUT. 

Ca.^tanea  CHUYSoniYLLA,  (Doiigl.  Mss.)  Fol'ds  senqtcrcircntil'ii-s  lalo- 
bnifiiilaUs  ariimtmil-i  firm-tis  lulifiirrhiik  (jlabrts  sul)lus  aurco-farinosi^. 
Hook.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  I'V.t. 

ArcoRDiXG  to  Douglas,  tliis  is  a  splendid  cvorgivon  troo, 
viiryiiig  ill  height  from  twenty  to  seventy  I'eet,  with  leave.s 
lour  to  five  inches  long,  deep  green  iilwve,  (iml  Ijelow  ol'  a  lich 
golden  yellow.  These  leaves  are.  also,  U'ery  diHereiic  iVom  all 
the  rest  of  the  genus)  (piite  entire.  'J'lie  spikes  or  catkins  of 
llie  llowers  searoely  exceed  an  incii  in  length,  including  the 
peduncle,  and  they  are  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Sonietinies  all  the  llowers  on  a  catkin  are  nnile;  soiiietiines  tiie 
two  or  three  lower  llowers  are  feiiiaL-.  Tl:e  fruits  are  two  or 
three,  crowded  ov  densely  covered  with  acicular  prickles.  Said 
to  he  common  at  tiie  (hand  Rapids  of  the  Coluiuhia,  ("ai)e 
Orfoid,  and  near  Mount  Hood;  constantly  allccting  the  hills. 
Tills  siiecies  rests  wholly  on  the  authority  of  Douglas,  I  did 
not  meet  witii  it,  nor  does  it  apiiear  tliat  any  specimens  were 
sent  to  Knghmd.  It  will  ])rohalily  prove  to  he  bonie  very  dif- 
ferent genus  to  tlnvt  oi'  the  present. 

Aihlitiiiinil  ()/)■« n-dli^'iix.     In  regard  to  the  Western  range  of 
our   forest   trees.   Dr.  KngeliDann    iulbrms   me,   hy   letter,   that. 


88 


A  D  D  1  T  1  0  N  A  L    0  B  S  E  R  V  A  T  I  0  X  S. 


tliougli  the  Chostnnt  {Caxtanca  Atncrimna)  does  not  grow  in 
the  imiueiliate  vallev  of  tlic  Mii^slssippi,  it  still  reappears  again 
in  Southwestorri  Missouri  and  the  northwestern  portion  of  Ar- 
kansas, where  is  also  found  the  Loeust  Tree,  [lioblnia  pwu<l- 
ocacia.) 


Chestnut  Tkee,  [Castanca  Amcrlmim.)  The  wood  of  this 
tree  is  capable  of  receiving  a  fine  polish,  and  well-selected 
pieces  present  waves  and  feathered  figures  of  considerable 
beauty  and  variety,  the  more  striking  as  they  are  s(;en  with 
great  distinctness  through  a  pale  and  light  ground.  Furniture 
of  this  kind  may  be  seen  at  Mr.  Grout's  cabinet-warehouse  in 
riiiladelphia. 


X 


M 


1)1 


B  I  R  C  II. 


Xi'lnnil  Onhr,  Betuline.t:,  (Richard.)     Lhimmn  Clasnifitxdloii, 

MONCECIA,  POLYAXDIUA. 

BETULA.*    (Linn.) 

Mule  ilmvors  in  Ioiiet,  oyliiulric  lunonts.  BcaloH  in  a  double  siorios, 
the  inner  liy  tlireos,  l-floworod  ;  stnrnons  six  tn  twolvo.  Fciiidh: 
flowers  witli  ovoid  or  oval  aments;  tlio  scales  trilid,  1  to  ;!- 
flowered.  Sli/lcs  two.  Nulfi  minnte,  cmnpressed,  1-secdcd,  edged 
with  ail  ahited,  tliiii  margin. 

Trees  or  slirnlts  of  the  colder  parts  of  the  northern  heinisiihero 
on  holh  continents,  with  the  hark  often  exfoliating  in  thin,  cin'ular 
j.hiles.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  or  deltoid,  serrated;  iirodm-ing  sti- 
jmles;  aments  axillary. 


*  Supposed  to  bo  Jciivrcl  frum  H'ln,  llio  Cultie  nuiiu;  I'lr  tlio  liiich 


no 


WESTERN  BIRCH. 


iliTULA    OCrilJKNTALIS 


7i 


('ii)iix   ri'-^'no.'<ii-ir)'r>ii'o.-'is 


fnli'i.-i    htio    rh'iiiihic- 


rolis  siibl(>liiiti.<i  vicm-serrnl'S  hh:^iilid).-i,  suhfu-t  pullnli'itriln'.''  imufhith 


vcrv'tx  rrni'ilii,  mm ulis  fiiiiliH'if'  hiln-i-ijliiiilnic 


?'/'/ 


lnh'is  IdhrilU' 


')i(s  oralis  iiili  n/indo  hnKjcirL 


Betula  oirldathilU.     IIuOK.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  }>.  l')'>. 


This  low  species  of  Bircli,  only  six  to  ten  feet  liiiili,  was  first 
observed  westward  near  the  sources  of  the  Sweet  Water,  a 
northern  branch  of  the  Platte,  and  where  it  penetrates  into  the 
first  range  of  the  Roeky  Mountains.  On  the  h(jrders  of  this 
clear  stream,  diminished  to  a  small,  purling  brook,  and  accom- 
panied by  clumps  of  willows,  we  first  saw  it  growing.  Accord- 
ing to  Dnnnmond,  it  occurs  on  the  east  side  of  the  Kocky 
Mountains  down  to  Edmonton  House.  Douglas  fotnid  it  near 
springs  on  the  west  side  of  the  lioeky  Mountains;  and  Dr. 
Scouler  met  with  it  in  Oregon,  near  to  the  Straits  of  Juan  do 
Fuca;  it  also  grows  near  Walla- Walla,  and  continues  up  the 
Oregon  to  the  country  of  the  Flatheads. 

The  principal  branches  are  erect  and  somewhat  virgate, 
clothed  with  a  bright  brown  bark,  copiously  sjirinkled  with 
small  resinous  warts,  so  as  to  render  the  branches  rough  to  the 
touch.  The  leaves  are  somewhat  deltoid,  or  rho.nboidly-ovate, 
on  siiortish  petioles,  in  my  si)ecimens  acute,  but  not  acuminate, 
sharply  and  somewhat  uuecpially  serrated,  r.nd  very  !-iiglitly 
lobcd;  above,  .somewhat  glutinous,  with  vcy  few  iiinuatcd 
nerves;  lielow,  paler;  the  midrib  and  nerves  sprinkled  with 
a  few  long  hiisute  hairs,  which  are  also  seen  aix)ve,  on,  and 
near  the  petiole.  The  leaves,  in  (lowering  specimens,  are  only 
about  one  and  a  half  inches  long  by  an  inch  wide.  (The  adult 
leaves  described  by  Hooker  are  much  larger,  two  to  two  and  a, 
40 


//- 


li- 


te. 


itii 


"y 
lilt 


I'lAII. 


Ill  >l  till    Hi  nil 


I'li-I  iil.'i     .icciilciitiili." 


Ii,.nl,„n    ,.,, I, /././„/ 


i 


ri.viii. 


Iit'lnla  rlh)inl)iliili;i . 

"iiil  l,;niil   Hirrli.  li,iiili:Vi  .i  I'lilll,  ■  •■\iil< 


ovat.-i.i:avki)    niii(;ii. 


41 


l,;,lf  inclK'S  l..n^'.)  The  aiuoi.ts  are  .■ylindric,  in  tlio  Btami- 
luferous  plant,  .•..nu...s.Ml  ..f  a  .loul.le  scries  of  scales.  Female 
an.ents  iH-.lunoulate.l,  eylin.lrie,  at  le.i-th  .Iroopinj:,  often  ae- 
cou.paniea  l.y  a  very  small  leaf  at  tl>e  base;  the  scales  tr.lwl 
a.,.1  .lilate.1,  stron^ily  ciliated,  tl>c  lateral  lobes  ovat.-,  the 
central  one  nearly  linear  an.l  lon-er;  three  g.^rn^s  beneath 
each  scale.  Nnts  broadly  winged.  Styles  two,  very  long  an.l 
Mibidate;  snnnnit  ol"  the  germ  iiubescent. 

Th.'  trnnk  of  this  species  is  only  a  few  inches  in  diameter,  so 
that  it  scarcely  ranks  with  proper  trees.  The  leaves  are  bitter 
to  the  taste. 

PLATE   VII. 
A  bruwh  '/  tk  naluml  .•)!:<:     c  Th:  .'-■cal-ir.w.l. 


OYAL-LEAAa^D   BIRCH. 

,.,;,i;i.ns,  rir  .n-.th,  '/ro.x,.  .nrali^,  sM,s  ,>.,li;d;.nh><s  ci„wrMls;  rnu.-< 
julosivsmlii  a„uvi;,  Jnnhuis  n/Undrucd,,  sqnmnl^  MparlUls  ylabnu.- 
cidia  I'jbis  ucatiy,  latcrulibus  bnribiis. 

Tins  is  a  still  more  Innnble  shrnl)  than  the  preceding,  which 
it  somewhat  resend.les.  It  grows  in  the  c.'utral  Kocky  Moun- 
tain range,  and  continnes  more  or  less  to  the  banks  o)"  the 
Orcffoii.  It  is  spreading  and  somewhat  decnmbenl.  with  slender 
brown  twigs,  wdiich,  when  young,  are  more  or  less  covered  with 
resinous  atoms.  The  leaves,  with  their  pi'tioles,  which  are  tw., 
or  three  lines,  are  not  more  than  an  inch  long  by  half  an  inch 
wide,  oval,  and  somewhat  rhombic,  deeply,  sharply,  and  almost 
eciually   serrate,    rounded,    but    still    generally    acute,   smooth 

IV.— ^j* 


1:2  OBSEl!  V  A 'I' I(»N  t^     oN     T  11  F,     15  I  K  (' H. 

iibovi",  pnlcr  lu'ncatli.  with  ii  wry  ll'W  distant  ncrvos,  noinowliiit 
hairy  along  thtir  margins  Ijenfutli.  External  .scalu8  of  tliu 
uial','  anu'nt.-;  ovatu  ami  ciliatc  ^'tanicns  abont  six.  Female 
anicnts  witli  nearly  smooth,  dt'oply  ;!-)mrte<l  .soales.  of  wliicli 
llic  criura!  division  is  tliu  longest.  1  have  not  .H'en  the  rijie 
fruit. 

l'L.\TE  VI II. 

A  I, raiir/i  </  ll':iiiiliiral .-'':, .     c.  77m  ,-t'((/-r(.w/. 

Oljticn-iif'cjii!^.  On  the  snniinit  n  the  White  .Moinitains  of 
New  Ilfinipshire  grows  the  Iktnlu  I'lti^a  of  Europe,  fouml  there 
hy  Jlr.  ()akes  as  well  as  myself. 

Dr.  Charles  richeruig  also  collected  u  specimen  on  tho.fe 
mountains,  which  appears  to  he  the  Ji/ii/<i  fniliamt  of  Pallas, 
first  found  in  Siiieria. 

In  the  Kocky  Mountains,  besides  the  .'wo  species  now  de- 
scribed, we  met  with  the  Jy/n'"  <jl<nn/iiln.:<(i,  whicli  is  also  I'ouud 
on  the  higii  mountains  of  the  United  .^latcs. 

CuNoE  Ijiiicit,  or  rAi'Kic  ]^Ulcn.  (B  lulu  jin/ii/rann.)  Tl  is 
very  useful  species  of  Dirch  t(.i  the  aborigines  of  the  North  is 
found,  .'..cording  to  the  obsfrvatioiis  uf  Dr.  Kichurd.son,  as  far  as 
tli''  O-Jth  degree- of  latitude. 


Whiti:  i'litrn,  {Iklnln  ji',j:'ili/<>/iti.)  Hooker  very  justly  re- 
marks the  near  allinily  which  this  species  kvtrs  to  the  conniioi! 
Eurojiean  Ulrcli,  (/>*.  (il/m.)  The  general  aspect  i.-^  the  same. 
In  our  plant,  liowevi'r,  the  haves  have  hinger  acuminated  points 
and  smaller  fertile  catkins.  The  scale  of  the  same  catkin  in 
our.s  in  also  comjjaratively  smaller  .and  shorter-clawed,  with  the 
miildlc  lobe  acuti'  and  much  smallei'  than  the  lateral  lobes; 
whereas,  in  the  Euro[iean  Birch,  the  lubes  ai'e  nearly  all  ecpial 
:ind  o]]t\ise. 


.liicli 
;  ripe 


V-  ,!, 


A  L  D  E  11  S. 


Nidiinti    OiiJ'i;  Ami:ntac?;.K,    (Jiiss.)       JJnHfinii    CI(IkkIj'u<(Iioii, 
Moxijxi.v,  Tktka ndui a. 

(Jiixi's  AIA'L'S.     (TouKNKniKT,  1)i:candoli,k.) 

CiiAUACTKii.  The  flowers  arc  mnim:cious,  (or  of  two  dilU'roiit  kinds 
on  tlic  sanie  pliuit,)  disposeil  in  catkins,  (or  cylindrio  spikes  ot' 
shiii't  <liiration ;)  tlioso  prodm-ini;  tlio  stamens  aru  loni;  and  cyliii- 
di'lc;  lliiwe  of  tiic  frnit  or  seed  arc  ovoid  or  i^lobular,  prodnceil 
upon  liraiM-liinii;  peduncles.  The  scales  of  the  mak  flower  are  pedi- 
I  rllateii,  and  in  the  form  of  an  inverted  heart,  bearing  beneatii 
ea<h  three  lesser  scales;  the  proper  flowers  are  situated  at  the  base, 
of  each  of  these,  and  are  composed  of  a  cn]i  with  four  lolics  and 
four  stair.ens.  The  scales  of  the  fruitini;'  catkins  are  wcdi^e-shaped, 
lianl,  and  jiersistent.  The  o\'ury  is  co!n[ircs^(Ml,  and  bears  two 
lonj;  stiunias.  The  envelop  of  the  seed  is  hard,  with  a  border 
which  is  either  thick  or  meinbramiceous,  and  jiresents  two  celLs 
w  it);  two  seeds:  the  ovules  in  the  iccrni  arc  about  four,  or  two  in  ti 
cell,  three  of  them  usually  ahnrlive. 

The  jihiiits  ol"  tliis  small  ifcnus,  conline<l  to  the  ti^mperate  or  colder 
parts  of  Kurojie  and  North  America,  are  eillicr  shrubs  (ir  trei  s,  with 
deciduous  leaves,  ifencrally  growinjr  i>y  streams,  or  in  cool  and  humid 
jilaces.  As  trees,  they  neldoni  attain  a  greater  elevation  than  thirty 
to  forty  feet;  the  wood  is  hard  and  yellowish,  becoming  of  a  brown- 
isli  red,  nearly  like  mahogany,  when  exposed  to  the  air,  and  capable 
of  acijuiring  a  line  poli.-h.  Wlien  stiiined  Idack,  it  resembles  ebony; 
and  it  is  capable  of  enduring  moisture  for  a  great  length  of  time. 


41  ORE  GUN     ALDER. 

The  Aldi'i-s  may  lie  (li\iilt'(l  info  tlic  two  followiiig  soi'lioiis:    in 
Imth  llio  [ludunclos  arc  siiliiliviili'd. 

§  I.    The  niLil-ri.ssd  furni.-ihid  with  a  in<  iidirdiKUYouH  iriiif/d  ii'unj'ii,  and 
ictlh  the  «•((/( ,s  of  Iht  JlrHli:  umad  nlaac  or  vb.'-vunlj  IuIh<I. 

'J'lie  Wliito  AWor,  {Ahins  iiiraiin.) 
Thu  Oivgou  Alder,  {Alnii.i  Orajuim.) 
The  lleart-loavud  Alde'r,  (Alnii.s  nifdalii.) 
Mountain  Alder,  {Alnus  riridis.) 

^  LI.    'J'ht  iiMi'ijiii  iif  llic  dccd-i'cssit  Ihiek  uml  n/i'i'iid,  <iiid  icith  tlu  6iuLd  fj 
Ihi:  fruiting  umcnt  dislindlj  lubid. 

Common  Alder,  [Alnns  </l>itinom.) 
Fine-toothed  Alder,  [AlniLs  acrndaln.) 
iSea-side  Alder,  [Alinis  iiKiritliiKi.) 
Oljlon^'-leavi'il  Alder,  [Alini.^  ohloiii/'tln.j 
yiiort-leaved  Alder,  {AhuL-i  hnrijuliti.) 
Khundiie-lea\ed  Alder,  {Alnii.s  rhuidiifvliit.) 


§  I.  Frnii  (.tliili.il. 

OREGON    ALDER. 


Ai.N'ts  ()iu:iiuXA.  Fuliis  hilii-orali.i  iilriiiijUi  firni;.--,  ihiptii-nlu-n,  rr<itix  jmil- 
m-itiiix  iiliil(i,iisi.~\  roii.s  i<Hh/)iS  j)iil)(.<i\n(iliii-^  jiid/iili.s ;  .^lijudi.s  olil'iinjis 
iliriililis  i/ldliifixi.",  riiliiilUs  f/ldhris. 

Alnus //^(?(»'..SY/.     1'l'R.sii,  Flor.  J5or.  Am.,  vul.  ii.  p.  (ij:!,  (in  jiari.) 

This  tree,  liko  the  Coimmm  Aider  of  Europo.  attains  tin- 
Iiei;^lit  of  tljjrty  or  I'orty  I'ec't.  with  an  oroct,  i^mooth  trunk  of 
Hinall  (liaiiK^ter,  Hiif'  nxMi  o','  wliicli  is  very  Hiniilar  to  tiiat  oftlie 
Kwojjcau  spooios,  uu6  »«;iglit.  no  donljl.  he  (nnployed  liii'  the  saine 
purpow-'H :    it  if,  IwWf**'',  lijiliter  in  color,  but  of  a  elose  -'-uiu. 


1 


I'l.  IK 


ihrtfiift  JfJi* 


AlllllK    (l|'ruu||;i 


inHi    (/.'  /  ('nyi'tt 


4^ 


urti:G()N     ALDER. 


45 


As  nil  oi'iiiuiu'iitiil  tree,  it  is  wci!  wortii  iitlciiiioii,  jiroducing 
ail  clcjiiiiit  orect  top.  mid  Mlloniiiii;-  coiisiilerablo  t^liadt'  by  tlio 
Uiryenoss  of  its  leaves,  wiiioli  arc  about  three  iiiclios  long  by 
two  and  a  half  wide.  AVe  I'ound  it,  as  usual  with  the  jilaiit.s  of 
this  geiiu.s,  growing  along  tiu'  liorders  of  small,  clear  brooks, 
near  the  conllueiice  of  the  Walihiniel.  but  seldoiii,  if  ever,  on 
llic  Icmks  ol'tlio  larger  streams  which  are  siiliject  to  inundation. 
Ill  (jur  progress  to  the  West,  wo  first  observed  this  tree  on  the 
borders  of  the  rivers  IJoisee  and  Hrulee,  which  pass  into  tlie 
Shoshonee  not  far  from  Walla- Walla,  and  at  intervals  it  con- 
tinues more  or  less  coniiiion  to  I'oint  Chinhook,  near  the  shores 
of  the  Pacific. 

The  twigs  arc  smooth  and  of  a  brown  color,  and  the  young 
buds  of  every  kind  resinous,  as  well  as  the  upinn'  surface  of  the 
yt)iinger  leaves;  beneath,  the  leaves  arc  more  or  less  pubescent, 
particularly  along  the  veins,  and  jialcr  and  often  somewhat 
ferruginous.  The  veins  are  very  strongly  marked  and  pro 
niinent  beneath,  the  tei'th  large,  but  the  denticulatioiis  luiiiiite 
and  glandular  at  the  points.  Sometimes  the  leaves  are  elli])tic- 
ovate,  the  stalks  about  the  third  of  an  inch  long.  The  stipules 
are  resinous,  and  dis;ip[)ear  with  the  evolution  of  the  bud.  The 
fruiting  anient  is  romidisli-ovoid,  and  very  similar  to  th.it  of 
the  Common  Alder. 

This  species  is  nearly  allied  to  the  Wiiitc  Alder  {Afini.'<  in- 
(■(iiKi.)  Iiut  diifers  sullicieiitly  in  its  buds.  ])ranc'lilets.  sti]iul('s.  and 
li'aves;  in  both  the  fruit  is  jirovidtd,  as  in  the  IJiich.  with  a 
translucent,  meiubranous  wing.  It  ajipears,  likewise,  to  ha\e  a 
consideraiilc  alllnity  to  A.  anntiimtUt  of  llumljoldt  and  IJonpland, 
a  tree  of  Peru,  discovered  by  Dombey,  but  in  tluit  species  the 
lea\'es  are  more  lanceolate  than  ovate  and  acuminate, 

Ik'sides  the  other  economical  uses  for  which  tlic  wood  of  tlie 
Alder  is  employed,  the  knots  furnish  a  iieaulifiilly-\cined  wood 
for  cabinets;  handsome  chairs  have  been  made  of  it,  which 
acijuire  the  color  of  mahogany.    |ii  France  it  is  used  in  making 


■1(J 


WHITE    ALDEU. 


xaliots,  or  woodon  sliues,  and  in  the  North  of  Hiinbind  it  is 
(■niployi'd  for  the  tliiolv  soles  of  ii  Idiul  of  shoos  called  elogs,  and 
is  prefcrri'd  for  tlieso  uses,  in  consideration  of  its  durability  and 
lif-htness.  The  chips,  boiled  witli  copperas,  give  a  black  dye  U) 
wool,  and  the  leaves  have  been  used  in  tanning;  sheep  will 
browse  on  tlieni  and  on  tiie  smaller  branches. 

PLATE   IX. 

.1  hi'tiiirli  tif  Ihc  iMlarnl  i-ize.    a.  Tin:  itttZ-fiwiY. 


WHITE   ALDER. 


Al.NTS    INl'AXA. 


Pni::.-t  iihhiiiiii: 


nruli.- 


tllitHS 


jiiil)iA'i.ii 


lihi's,  aj'tllis   CiiM- 


At,. 


niiil'-^,  .yfij)i)U<  liipi'uifiiij'.'.    AVii.i.ii.  Sp.  ]']. 
uiiihthilii,  AViLLD.,  Sp.  pi.,  viil.  i\'.  ]i.  ;!oG. 


BIulIc  Alder,  {Abuts  (jhiKca,)  Micu.,  SvKa,  vdl.  i.  ]i.  -STS. 
IMiilii  Aliiiix.  crispii,  ^ficir.,  Klor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  I'^l. 


Bi  lilhi 


AiTiix,  Ki'w.,  v( 
ft.  Linn.,  Sp.  pi 


!'■ 


:!9. 


Tins 


K'Cies  lorms  a  mueli  smaller 


tree  than   the  (\)i 


nmon 


Alder.  Ijeing  only  twelve  to  eighti'en  feet  high,  and  sometimes 
indeed  a  mere  shrub,  as  in  the  Alleghany  Mt)untains  in  Penn- 
sylvania.    In  Massachusetts  and  Maine  it  attains  its  greatest 


■<r/e 


Its  bark  is 


rray  oi'  einereous 


the  1 


eaves  are  sometnars 


villous  beneath,  and  the  stipules  persistent  after  the  develop- 


men 


t  of  the  leaves,  which   are 


noway  glutinous;   those  o 


)f  tlr 


}()mig  plants  ai'e  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath.  It  is  conniiou 
to  the  mountainous  parts  of  Europe  not  less  than  to  the  north- 
ern ))arts  of  the  United  States.  It  occurs  likewi.se  in  this 
vicinity. 


3i[0UXTAIX    ALDER. 

Ai.N'fs  viiuiiis,  (l)MnAViini.i.i:.)     /■'<//'/'■;  rohiiiiliitii-urnlix  In'Kjul'O'ihr  (iri/nfr 
.^(  n'lili'-'  </l'ilir''(.^riil!.i,  slijitili.s'  iii'iili-s  nil  iiiliniiinci  !s  iln'iilnis ;  ffiii'lilms  lnli 

llldlis. 

Abi'is  riri(li<,  I)i:(\\NiMii,i,i:.  l''li)ri'  l''raii(;:iisc,  vol,  iii.  \\.  :'.ii(. 

Bdiihi  ?■/)•/(//.<,  A'liJ.AUS,  ]1iiuiiliin,  vol.  i/.  \i.  's'.). 

Ililiila  iiratii,  Sciiuank,  Salish.,  ji.  'J'l. 

Itilidd  iiu'iiiw,  ,9.  Lamaki'K,  Diet.,  veil.  i.  ]i.  -)").'). 

Ahms  Aljiiii'i  iiiiiKii;  IIai'minV  I'inax,  \i.  4JM. 


TiAiuiADnii,  tlu'  clcviitoil  smmiiits  of  tin-  Wliito  Moiiiitiiiiis  oC 
Now  Iluniiisliiro,'''  and  tlic  tops  of  the  liij:h  iiiouiitiiins  of  Noitli 
('iiroliiia,-j-  an;  tlu'  only  localities  on  this  (.'ontiiR'nt  wluTe  the 
Mountain  Aldci'  has  yut  h<"'n  iiuiml.  It  oceurs  likewise  in  the 
Alps  of  iSwit/erland,  at  an  elevation  of  between  fotiv  anil  livi' 
thonsanil  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  whore  it  freiinently 
forms  a  small  tree  about  six  feet  in  hei;.;ht.  In  the  While 
Mountains  its  stature  is  much  more  (le[iresse(l.  and  it  is  of  rare 
occurrence.  It  grows  likewise  iu  tlie  barren  and  cold  cliuuite 
of  Kamtschatka. 

The  wood  is  white,  and  tiie  branches  are  covered  with  a 
cinereous  smooth  bark.  The  leaf  is  near  two  inches  long  and 
one  and  a  hidf  wide,  nearly  smooth  on  luilh  sides,  but  generally 
somewhat  hairy  along  the  ^eins  beneath,  rather  acute,  \\ith 
numerous  shar[),  small,  and  irregular  serratures,  but  not  doubly 
serrate.     The  male  catkins  are  long,  and  grow,  two  or  three 


*  A  spcciiiR'ii  ill  till-'  liorb.iiiuiii  of  tlio  Acinli'iiiv  of  N:itiintl  Sciences  in  I'liilii- 
(kliiliiu  w;i.'<  Ji.scovci'cil  on  tlic  AVliiti'  Mouiihiiiis  l^y  my  friciul.  |lr.  I'liailcs  I'iukcr- 
iug,  at  an  elevation  of  four  tliousaiul  feet  aljovo  tlie  level  of  (lie  se,i, 

■j-  Iteeciitlv  iliscovere.l  liv  1>1'.  (iniv  am]  Mr.  Curtis. 

47 


4S 


Til  I  N-LK  A  V  V.  I)     A  LDKK. 


Idirctlicr.  at  tlic  cxtrciiiilii's  ol'  llic  t\vi,:^s;  cin  li  sralc  CDiiliiiii? 
tliri'c  tctriiiiilrniis  llowiTs.  as  usual  iu  tin-  jicnus.  'I'lic  Irrlilc 
auicnts  aiv  roundish  and  elliptic,  ahont  tlii'ci'  tiii^ctlicr,  and  tcr- 
niinal;  llic  scairs  arc  truncated  and  oliscurcly  lolicd  at.  tlio 
I'xtrcmitics;  tlii'  IVnit.  like  that  of  tiie  JJirch,  m  runusht'd  with 
a  broad,  thin,  conspicuous  wingeil  niar;^in. 


§  11.  Friiil  iKit  iihiti  il ;  llii  )i)iiri/!ii  n/intjiif 

TIIIX-LEAVEI)    ALDER. 


Al.NI'S  TKNUiniMA.  Juiliis  hlln-iirntix  Sillidi'il/is  ililiiliriilii-i-n  iKlUs  i/I'l/iris 
liiisi  rdlitiidiilia  hiiiijc  jii  tiuhttls,  stqudls  ikcidtm,  jialillicidi.s  jViilJiHi.i 
(liijilii'<ilii-riiiiiii!<i.i. 

Thi.s  wvy  distinct  spi  'ics  of  Alder,  wiiicli  arraiiues  with  our 
connnon  s[iecies,  (,t.  si  rrnla/ti.)  was  iin't  wilii  on  the  hoi'diM's  of 
small  streams  within  the  ranjic  of  the  JtoclvV  Moinitains,  ami 
afterward  in  tlic  valleys  of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  a 
chain  whicli  may  he  called,  as  it  were,  in  comparisuii  ol'  their 
elevation,  tiie  AllcLrhanics  of  the  West. 

This  species  falls  vhort  of  the  character  of  a  tree;  hut  yet  it 
is  .scarcely  inferior  in  size  with  our  connnon  species,  growing  to 
about  the  liei;.!lit  of  a  man,  with  numerous  short  blanches 
covered  with  a  smooth  iiray  bark.  The  leaves  are  about  two 
inches  lont.';  by  one  ami  a  halt  wide,  with  slender  jietioles.  from 
a  half  to  three-(piarters  of  an  inch  in  lenjitli;  they  ai-e  of  a  thin 
consistence,  .and  usually  smooth,  with  obtusc!  di'iiticadations. 
The  fruiting-bran(dies  are  often  suhdivi'lcd,  each  bi'anch  hearing); 
IVom  three  to  live  f-niall,  roundish,  o\  ate  amcnts,  of  wdiieh  the 


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It  II  OM  I?  I  ('   I.K  A  V  !•:  I)     A  I.DKH.  40 

HciiloH  iiro  vi'iy  (list'uictly  lolx-il.  Tlic  fruit  is  uniisiiiilly  siiiull 
and  elliptic,  tcniiiimtiMl  liy  tlic  two  reiiiiiiniiig  stylcH,  luid  liiiviiig 
a  tliin,  opiKjue  niiir^iii. 

l'I,ATK  X. 

A  tiriiurh  iij' till  iiiiliii'iil  .size.     (I.    I'lii  fiuil. 


RTIO^IBIC-LEAVEl)   ALDER. 

Al.XfS  niloMIlIKiiI.IA.  /'i/iV.s'  .yiihrliomhfmliD-ofillis  (ililii.ililsriili.i  (/liifiiiit.v'lf 
Iji.ifl  (/(•///(\,  ,'<iiliiliiiilli'iilii..s(rriiliilfs  Si milurl.s  cri /()•(.«  unilis,  miIiIus  puhc- 
rulis  luHll.i  riiiiiniiii  iukHx,  sli/mli.i  uliluiiijis  niniiliriiiuui  is  ilin'ilul.i, 

I  oHSKKVEi)  this  spocifs,  a  lurf^o  (slinih,  in  tlu-  vicinity  of  Mon- 
teroy,  in  Upper  Calil'uniiu.  It.s  neiu'cst  rcliitioii  npiKsirs  to  Im-  to 
t!u'  Kuro[)L'an  Akler,  (.1.  ;//ii/iiii>n(i,)  from  wliicli,  however,  it  i.s 
alinndantly  distinct.     The  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 

The  leaves  are  alxjut  two  inches  long  and  one  and  a  half 
wide,  glutinous,  heiioath  nearly  the  name  color  as  al)ovo,  and 
puhosceut  along  the  veins;  the  petioles  arc  not  more  tlian  atiout 
two  lines  long.  The  twigs  are  smooth  and  hrownish.  It 
appears  to  he  allied  to  the  ohlong-lcaved  Alder  (A.o/i/iini/iiln)  ,)f 
the  .South  of  Europe. 


V(ii.    w  -i 


1  W- 


SEA-STDE   ALDER. 

Ai.Ni's  .MAnn'i.M\.     /'•.//-'.-■  ,ii;il'.l,ii.-<  i/liihri'^  sfrnilis  iilifi(.ils  rrl  (icumiim/is, 
4(i.«/    (/(•((//>,   y'//i/'/,v  j'l  rnii/iini.^: ;    aiiuiil!.^  friii>nri.<>   ina.nnii.'',   si/iiiiniis 

<liljilinl/ii-l'J,illi'.'\ 
^\l.NI'S    M.MUTIMA.         /•'.///>■    onit,\    Sil'l-'l/ls,     Ims!    (tr(ii:.<. — MllII,.,    Mss. 

(Uixrviitioiics  I'.iitaiiir!!'  dc  l*l:iiitis  Am.  Sp|itc'iit.,  p.  l!i:i,  (in  tlio 
Lilmirv  (if  till'  Ai'ad.  \at.  Sc  I'liiliul.)  ami  IIiTl)anmii. 

A  SPKriMKN  of  tliis  very  ilistiiict  species  of  Alder  was  eolleeted 
on  tlie  Kasti'in  SiiDie  of  Maryland.  l>y  iiiv  IVieiiil,  Cliarles  Pieker- 
ini;.  It  lias  tlu;  ajipearain'e  of  Iji'iiij;  a  low  siirnh,  witii  slender, 
sniodtli  iiranclies.  Tlio  leaves  are  two  and  a  halt"  to  three 
ineiies  loii'i-  liy  one  and  a  half  or  more  wi<le.  of  an  ele^'ant,  well- 
deliiied,  oval  mitiiiie.  and  supported  upon  loiij^ish  petioles;  the 
yoiinir  hnds  and  leiives,  after  the  manner  of  the  ^eiiiis,  are 
sliirlitly  lilntinoiis;  the  nervings  very  slender,  serratnres  shallow, 
and  in  the  larjier  leaves  rather  remote;  the  ni)perniost  leaves  on 
the  iiifeitile  shoots  are  aoiiminated.  and.  at  first  j;ianee,  look 
almost  like  the  leaves  of  a  ('amellia.  The  male  catkins  are 
unknown,  as  are  the  stijiules,  which  are  proliahly  small.  The 
fertile  anient,  in  size  and  jicneral  appearance,  iniuht  I)e  taken  for 
the  stroliile  or  cone  of  a  Spruce;  it  is  ahout  the  size  of  a  Hop- 
clnster,  nearly  hlack,  with  the  scales  very  thick  and  dci  |)ly  and 
obviously  lohed.  Tiie  caipel  is  small  in  proportion,  and  with  a- 
thick,  opacpie.  and  olisciirt'  niarjiin,  as  in  -1.  xd-ni/nln. 

PLATK    X. 

A  irnihli  of  /In   luiliirnl  si:i\      n.    Tin'  f<c(<l-rrs-S''L 


60 


I'l  \  (In 


.Miiim  m:iriliiii:i 

Sfti    sitff  .ffiliT  .tun*  /*itirtfimi 


1 


I'l  XI. 


riiiiiiK  cijiacii 


ELMS. 

yahtrn/    Onhr,    l? L.MACK.K,    (.Mirl)L'l.)      JJimoaii,    Cla>it<{jicut'u)ii , 
Pkntanokia,  UiuyxiA. 

UL.MU8.    (LiN.N.) 


OrAQUE-LEAYED   EL^I. 

iri.MI'S   OI'ATA.      Fiiliis  jxieris!   (ililmiiid-iiriili.';  ulililsi.s   mv//i/'/.v,   .siiliiliijilirdio 
dilllirllhltix,  hiisi  ODU'dli.t   ohinjHtS  .SUlltllS  ^*((4('«a')(^(/*(/.«,  _//(*r(V((M /</.<(•/(•«- 

Ill/is^  frni'tiliits  Jticftitis. 

In  tlio  siinimci-  of  1818,  on  my  joiinioy  into  llio  interior  of 
the  territory  of  Arkannas  and  on  the  plains  of  Ecd  Kivor,  near 
its  conllni'iicc  with  tho  Kianioslia.  1100  niilrs  up  the  foriiuT 
stream.  I  liad  the  satisfaction  of  discovering  tliis  curious  Ehn, 
which,  like  our  other  species,  forms  a  majestic,  and  spreading 
forest  tree  of  t!ie  dimensions  of  an  ordinary  Oak.  In  those 
dry  and  open  si'.vanuas,  tlie  shade  of  this  densely- verdant  tree 
])r(>ved  more  tl  m  usually  aoceptahlc.  It  is  rennirkahle  for  tho 
sniallness  and  tliickness  of  its  ohlicpio  and  usually  hlunt  leaves, 
wl'icii.  with  tlicir  short  stalks,  are  only  ahout  an  inch  in  length 
hy  half  tiiat  dimension  ii)  InvivJtJi;  .they  are  also  very  nume- 
rous, close  together,  ;>t;idJ4i>ti.«."'.w'l]i  '^niliMty.  papilla^  of  a  deep 
green  above,  and  si)lne\vha(- t'lon'ing,  olrfdng-ovato,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, the  margin   )vrtji:  shallo\r.  ^?ujJti  diinttvtjlittions;  beneath, 

tho  l"af  is  paler,- ft 'liUle'lmnviiislvwi'Vh' .strong' pennate,  simple, 

51 


&2  Ol'AQri'M-I^AVKl)     ELM. 

or  lorkod  norvoH;  the  base  of  tlie  leiil"  is  oliluiue,  iis  well  as  tlie 
whole  Dili  line,  ami  one  hull"  of  the  leaf  is  nuieh  narrower  than 
the  other;  the  nerves  are  imbeseent.  The  young  branehes  are 
smooth  and  brownisli.  The  leaves,  before  complete  develop- 
ment, are  canescently  toinentose  and  attended  by  large,  oLlo!'g, 
membranous,  brown  stipules.  The  taste  of  the  plant  is  astrin- 
gent, but  noway  mucilaginous. 

This  renuirkable  species  appears  to  be  nearly  allied  to  Ulmm 
(/////( //s/s  judging  from  the  short  de.sc.'iption  in  Persoon  and 
Duhamel.  The  llowers  are  fasciculated  in  small  nunil)ers  and 
on  short  peduncles.  The  samara  is  ellii)tie,  rather  deeply  biCd 
at  the  sunnuit,  covered  with  a  dense  and  somewhat  ferruginous 
pubescence  even  when  ripe. 

Of  the  uses  and  uality  of  the  timber  of  this  species  I  am 
unable  to  speak  from  experience,  as  it  grew  remote  from  the 
settlements  at  that  time  established  in  the  territory.  The  den- 
sity of  shade  produced  by  it,  so  crowded  with  rigid  leaves,  and 
the  peculiarity  of  its  appearance,  entitle  it  to  a  place  in  the 
nurseries  of  the  curious,  and  it  is  probably  (piite  hardy  enough 
for  all  temperate  climates.     To  this  species  Virgil's  epithet — 

"  I'Vcimilic  froiiiiilnis  iiliiii" — 
might  more  justly  be  applied  than  to  any  other. 


TLATE  XI. 

A  braiuli  (if  (he  nalnral  skc. 


i 


I'l   Vll 


rillillN  rilrrilloHtl . 


I'liointiss  ^'htt  ■ 


'),: 


■tnf  u  y/vyyv 


THOMAS'S    ELM. 


Ulmi'S  uacemosa,  (Thomas.)  Fuliis  oralis  afuminalis  (biplkaio-scrralis 
f/hihris  yiilitiiti  jiiihrscenlihu-i;  f'iribns  rwrmofiis  fafch'idali/i. 

I'l.Mts  itAt'KMDSA,  flowers  111  nicciui  s ;  podiulcs  in  (lirttiiict  fa.sciclos, 
uniti'd  at  tlR'ir  liases  r  loaves  ovate,  aeiimiiiatc,  ilouhly  serrate, 
•rlalirnus  above,  [iiiiiiutely]  jmlioseent  bciicatti ;  stii;mas  recurved. 
Eaton's  Xorth  Am.  15ot.,  (ed.  8..)  y>.  4(14.  Thomas,  in  Sillimau's 
Journ.  Sei.,  vol.  xix.  p.  170,  with  a  Plate. 

This  species,  conibuiuled  with  our  other  Elms,  is,  accordiiu; 
t(j  Professor  Torrey,  an  abundant  species  in  the  western  part 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  and,  probably,  of  the  Western 
States  generally.  Mr.  Thomas,  its  discoverer,  found  it  in  Ca- 
yuga county,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  the  adjacent 
country.  According  to  Emerson,  he  believes  Mr.  Oakes  has 
obtained  specimens  from  Vermont,  collected  by  Dr.  bobbins,  so 
that  it  is  probably  a  Northern  and  Western  species. 

The  lower,  stout  branches,  according  to  Mr.  Thomas,  produce 
corky  excrescences  like  the  Wahoo  Elm.  Leaves  broad-ovate, 
acuminate,  obliiiuoly  aurieulatcd  on  one  side,  doubly  serrate, 
smooth,  and  somewhat  shining  above,  with  the  under  surface 
and  ribs  minutely  pubescent.  The  (lowers,  unlike  any  other 
Elm,  are  disposed  in  racemes,  comj)osed  of  .several  clusters  of 
two  to  four  together,  and  extending  to  the  length  of  one  to  two 
and  a  half  inches,  often  furnished  with  one  or  two  small  but 
perl'eet  leaves  before  the  terminal  buds  are  open;  the  ilowers 
distinctly  pedicellate.  Calyx  7  to  8-cleft.  Stamens  seven  to 
ten.  Stigmas  twf),  recurved.  Samara  elliptic,  large,  and  very 
pubescent,  witli  the  margin  thickly  fringed,  and  the  membra)".) 
more  extended  on  one  side  .as  indicative  of  a  second  but  abor- 
tive cell. 

PLATE  XII. 

.1  branch oflhc iMtund ii:c.    a,  Thcjlutca:    b.  A  branch  icilh  the carhij bark. 


II  I  C  K  0  It  Y. 


Siilnnil  Oiilii;  .Ti(;i.aniii;.i;,  (Dt'ciiiid.)     Linuoini  Cln.-^.'^i/tiHiioii, 

MoNCECIA.   I'dl.VANDKlA. 

CARTA.*     (N' ITT.,  (ion.  Am.) 

SliDiniiiili-  flowi'i's  ill  Very  loiiir  iiml  loiiso,  ti'i'imti'  uincnts,  scaler  ini- 
ln'iciitcil,  3-iiartccl.  Siiinicn.s  tlii'vc  tu  six,  wiili  piidso  iiiitlicrs. 
Fo'/ili  llowiT  witli  ii  siiitrle  4-c'icrt  Hn|ierior,  liL'i'liiU'i'oiin  lu'iiinitli. 
Slvle  none;  stii^iiia  partly  di.^coid,  iJ-lobuil,  tlio  soLTiiii'iits  biliil. 
Pi'i'ii'arp  woody,  4-valvud.  Xut  mostly  Homcwliiit  quadruiiijiilar, 
with  ail  oven  surface. 


Lai'i^e  trcen  of  Xortli  Amerioa,  confined  to  the  eastern  side  of  tiie 
IJocky  Mountains,  and  extondinj;  from  rpper  Canada  to  Fhnida. 
Leaves  idternate,  unei|nally  iiinnate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  i"ily- 
f^amous,  in  compound,  jiendulous,  jiodiiiKnilated  aments  appearing; 
Avitli  tlie  leaves;  female  flowers  terminal;  the  periearji  openinjr  hy 
four  valves.  Xuts  edihle  or  hitter,  usually  more  or  less  <|iiadraii- 
^ular;  in  the  /'<//,'0(,  even.  I'uheseence  tufted  or  stellati'.  I'crsoon, 
as  far  ba<k  as  ]S07,  divided  tlie  genus  .riiglans  into  the  two  natural 
sections  whirli  it  presented:  his  second  division  included  the  Hicko- 
ries only.     "*  *  Ameitlis  nm.sridti  compusiiis,  tclrandris." 


*  From  xdjiuii,  tlio  aiieiciit  (jri;uk  naiiio  of  the  Walnut,  lliihnri/  is  an  Imlian 
iianio  for  sumc  of  tlic  species  of  tliis  genus;  one  of  them  was  known  to  tlic 
Indians  by  the  name  of  I'lran  or  IMkan.  llaline.sque  applied  tlie  barbarous 
name  Hiilcorin  to  this  genus,  without  deseribing  or  limiting  it;  in  so  doing  ho 
has  no  higher  claims  for  the  adoption  of  the  name  than  our  wood.smcTi  and  the 
aborigines. 
51 


I'l  \III 


It 


Carya  Mirrorarija 


§  I.  Xiils  tihin  or  I1H.S  ijiiiii/r<ni;/ii/iir.    IIicKiniv,  proptTly  ."iociillL'tl. 

8MALL-FPJlTi:i)     IIKKOIJY. 

C'.MtVA  .MHIincAlll'A.  Fflinli's  i/in'iiix  till  .•ijilnii-;  uhln„;lii-lai'i;ul,ilis  m  mills 
prniiii.'c.ie  iiriimiiiiilis  i/lnhris  siilihi.s  (iliii,ilidi,,sii ;  aiiKnli.i  ijltilirU,  mnr 
silhf/liJiiMI  ,sillii/ilfii/riiih/iilii/ii.  It  sill  It  II  tit'. 

Ctii-tjti   ntltrtifiirjtti.—'Sin.,  (;,.|i.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  [..  l'l'I.      DAiiMMiTox, 

Fl, nil  ('.■.-I lieu.  [Kil.  iilt.]  p.  .)»,'). 

Jtit/ltiiis  ri,wjiir.-:-ti.  a.  mltrufiii-jiti. — Mini..,  ("utal.,  \i.  ss.     Maut.,  I'lur. 

I'liiliiil..  v.pI.  ii.  p.  17!i. 
Jiiijltiits     lui  ijihiniUi.     Uiilsaiii  lliikoiv. — Mausiiam,,  n.  (!,><. 

Tiii.s  sju'cii's,  allicil  to  C.  Iimniilnfiii,  or  tla-  (.'oiiii-uii  Ilickorv, 
biToiiio.s  ii  (iiio,  lolU-,  t^prc'iuliiif,'  troe  .sixty  to  civility  fl'ot  lii.Ltli, 
liiivin^f  a  (iiiuiU'tcr  of  oifrlitci'ii  inclics  to  two  lirt  or  more,  with 
ail  even  barlv.  I  (irst  oii.H'rvcil  it  on  tiic  liaiiks  of  tlio  Sfliiiyi- 
kill,  ill  tli(!  vicinity  of  I'iiiladclpliia;  iiinl  my  friciKl  Dr.  Diir- 
linjrton  rciiiark.s  tliat  it  i.s  fi'i(|Mi'nt  in  nioi.st  woodland.^  in  tlio 
vicinity  of  West  Clicstor.  Tlio  nut  is  of  tlic  sainc  form  nearly 
as  tlial  of  <'.  lttiiiiiiit,st(,iA'  a  pleasant  tuHte.  witli  a  tliiii  siiell, 
lint  usually  small,  not  miicli  exceedinj;  tlie  si/.e  of  a  nutmef,'.  It 
grows.  I  believe,  alno  in  Ma.ssacliiisetts.  wliere  I  have  seen  these 
peculiar  nuts.  The  wood  i.s  white  and  touyh,  and  po.s.se.ssed  of 
most  of  the  good  ([ivilities  which  recommend  tiie  ordinary 
Hickory.  This  s[)ecies  is  remarkable  for  t lie  .smoothness  of  il.s 
leatlet.s,  which,  in  that  resi)cct,  approach  C.  ij/nhni  or  the  Pig 
Nut,  hut  tluy  are  everyway  larger  and  less  deeply  serrate; 
two  or  three  pairs  with  a  terminal  odd  one,  four  to  eight  or  nine 
inches  long  and  two  to  three  and  a  half  iiiclios  wide,  ohloiig- 
lanceoliite,  with  shallow  .serrula  <ns,  smooth  on  hotli  sides  when 
fully  expanded,  except  a  .slight  ;  ift  in  the  axils  of  the  nerve.s 
heneath;  the  under  surface  spri.ikled  with  minute  resinous  par- 
ticles; the  lateral  leatlet.s  subsessile  and  rather  obtuse  at  ba.-e, 


56 


COMMON     ITIOKOIJY. 


till'  terminal  one  witli  a  nl.v,rt  petiole  and  attenuated  below. 
Aments  thvee  together,  upon  a  common  peduncle,  (^lender,  nearly 
quite  smooth,  scales  trifid,  the  lateral  segments  ovate,  the  middle 
one  long  and  linear;  anthers  hairy,  mostly  four,  sometimes  tliree 
or  five.  Female  flowers  two  or  three  together,  sessile,  on  a 
common  peduncle;  segments  of  the  perianth  very  long  i<nd 
somewhat  foliaceous.  Stigma  discoid,  four-ivj'x'd;  fruit  globose- 
ovoid,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  the  pericarp 
thin,  with  the  sutures  rather  prominent.  Nut  somewhat  quad- 
rangular, with  the  shell  thin. 

15y  the  leaves  it  appears  to  be  allied  to  C.glahm;  but  the  nut, 
on  a  small  scale,  is  that  of  C.  tuniciitma,  or  the  Common  Ilicliory. 

PLATE  Xin. 

A  stiuill  birnich,  ndarcd  about  onc-tliird.     a.  The  nut. 

Common  IIickoky,  {Curya  tomci»to>^a,  ,9.  muxlmu)  Tiiis  is  a 
remarkable  variety  for  the  great  size  of  its  fruit,  which  are  a? 
large  as  a  moderate  apple.  It  grows  a  few  miles  fnjm  Piiila- 
delphia.  Mr.  3l]lliott  also  observed  it  on  the  sea-islands  of  South 
Carolina. 

Canja  (jhihm,  {Jwjluns  r/lahm,  Du  Roi,  Ilarbk.,  vol.  i.  p.  o'-V). 
J.  p(,rdna,  Micii.,  North.  Am.  Sylva,  vol.  i.  pi.  08.)  Of  this  there 
arc  two  varieties,  one  with  globose  and  the  other  with  ttn'binate 
fruit:  intermediate  forms  are  also  met  with,  proving  them  to  Ik 
no  more  than  varieties. 

II.   Niilii  cri'ii,  vilJioiit   pnmhwnt   <t)i(/kfi.      Lcaflits  oftrn   nitmc- 


Onyi  nnr/mfif  )!!<(.  Jinjlnns  (uif/mtl/oJla,  AiT.  Kcw.,  vol.  iii. 
p.  .301.  /.  I\r<in,  MuHL.  in  Nov.  Act.  Soc.  Nat.  Scrnt.  Berolin., 
vol.  iii.  p.  ->92.     J.  <>l'n;vfiirinl%  WiM.i).,  Sp.  PI.  4,  p.  4  'u.    A  Hue, 


B  L  A  C  K     W  A  L  N  U  T.  57 

stately  tree,  formerly  cvt  down  for  the  .sake  of  obtaining  a  single 
erop  of  nuts;  renuirkaljle  for  its  numerous  leallets  and  their 
almost  falcate  form.  In  Massacliusctts,  where  it  has  been  suIh 
inittcd  to  cultivation,  it  never  grows  beyond  the  si/.e  of  a  shrulj, 
being  every  year  more  or  less  cut  down  by  the  cllects  of  the 
severe  frosts. 

Ciiri/a  rem  I).  Jiii/J<nis  Pa(i)i,  WALTER.  /.  mi/rl'<t!(n\fi,rmln? 
Mich.,  Sylva,  vol.  i.  pi.  o9.  This  obscure  plant  of  Walter  may, 
perhaps,  be  nothing  more  than  C.  <jlnhru.  Michaux's  plant  was 
unlaiown  to  P^Uiott. 

Carija  antara.     Jinjlunfi  amani,  Micit.,  Sylva,  vol.  i.  pi.  3.3. 

Ohxrrvitttoits.  According  to  an  experiment  published  in  the 
'•.Massachusetts  Agricultural  Journal,"  the  sap  of  the  Butternut 
'J'ree  [Jiiij/aus  cincna)  is  capable  of  producing  as  much  sugar  as 
that  of  the  Maple.  Four  of  the  trees  yielded  in  one  day  nine 
quarts  of  sap.  tvhich  produced  one  a'ld  a  quarter  pounds  of 
susar. 


TiiK  Bi.ACK  W.\L\UT  {Ji"/l,ii/s  iiii/ni)  is  mot  with  as  far  north 
as  Ma,ssacluisettSi  particularly  in  the  western  part  of  the  State, 
as  around  Northampton.  Mr.  Emerson  says,  '■•JikjIhiix  nli/ni  I 
liave  Ibund  rei)catediy  as  far  north  as  IJoston.  It  is  in  Middle- 
sex, A7orcester,  and  Norfolk  counties,  Massachusetts." 

On  the  banks  of  the'  Scioto,  in  Ohio,  I  have  seen  a  tree  of  six 
feet  in  diameter. 

IV.— 4* 


C ANDLEBEIUI Y    MY Ri LK. 


Xiittinil    On/cr,  MymcK.E,   (Rii'lianl.)      Li./iKinn   C/u-s'iljinitii, 

DkKCI.V.  TkTKAXDHIA  to  OCTAXDKI.V. 


MYRR'A.     Li.N.v.,  (in  imrt.) 

Flowers  (iiiisoxnal ;  tlioso  of  tlie  two  sexes  upon  tlio  saino  or  inoro 
eiiiimio.  ly  iijioii  (litKereiit  jilants.  Jfah  Hdw  s  in  eyliiidriral  sessile 
ealkiiis;  eaeli  fluwer  witli  ioiir  1o  eiu'lit  stamens,  with  tlie  tilanieiils 
cloiiijaled  and  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  ;  tlio  stamens  exsei'ted 
beyond  the  borders  of  tlio  dilated  .short  seale,  many  stamens  in 
braneliini;  clusters  nearly  without  scales  at  the  summit  of  the  catkin  ; 
bracteoles  na/K  in  I'ither  sex.  Faimh-  tlowers  in  loose,  soni''tlnies 
fdiform  catkins,  with  many  of  the  lower  scales  abortive;  scales 
1-llowered,  the  germ  nake(h  Styles  two,  very  lonir,  linear,  and 
ac'uniinat";  ovary  villous.  Hrujie  l-see(U'(l,  sjilierical,  coatiMl  with 
u  jfrumose  waxy  puli).  Xut  very  jiard;  seed  erect;  embryo  with- 
out alliumcn,  the  radicle  sujierior.     Cotyledons  thick  and  oily. 

A  genus  wholly  distinct  from  Jfi/rii'n  (laic,  which  is  common  to 
Xorthci'n  Kurope  and  Xorth  Aniei'ica.  The  character  of  lunate  scales 
^iven  to  Myrica  by  J,inna'U<  applies  only  to  the  (!.\i.i;,  whii'li  tlicris 
forc  constitutes  a  genus  ])y  that  name.  Tlio  rest  of  our  s[)ecies 
belong  to  Myrica.  In  the  Gale,  the  fruit  is  a  small,  ovate,  (by  nut, 
with  an  indurated  bractc  on  cither  side  of  it,  giving  it  the  appearance 
of  being  :i-lohed. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  few,  luitives  of  the  warmer  anil 
colder  zones  of  both  hemispheres,  growing  generally  near  the  sea- 
coast,  and  are  ehielly  shrubs,  with  alternate,  jiersistent,  or  annual 
simple  leaves,  usually  mmv  or  less  serrated  or  iiinnaiitid,  and  be- 
58 


ilV 

ile 
iitu 
\vd 
ill 
ill ; 

IR'S 
ill's 

mil 
■ill  I 
ilh- 

to 

ilU'S 

i.'1'i'- 
cies 
nut, 
.iicv 


anil 

iiial 
be- 


J 


I 'I  \IV 


Mvnc'll    lllinliiiji 


INODOROUS     CANDLE     T 11  E  R. 


59 


s]iriiikliHl  witli  ai'otiKitie  rc.~iiions  sciilcri,  as  arc  also  tlio  scales  of  llio 
IhkIs.  ("atkiiis  axilian-.  cxiiaiiiliii;,'  early  in  tlio  yciir.  Then;  nrv. 
sc\i'ral  sjH'cics  in  Xt'[ia;il  in  India,  and  at  tlio  C'ajio  of  (Jooil  Hopo. 
The  Jl.  F'i;i(i,  with  a  4-cellod  drnin',  and  ahout  tun  stamens  in  loose 
catkins,  will,  no  donbt,  constitute  a  ditlerent  genus,  which  I  lu'oiioso 
to  call  Fava  Azuiuca. 


INODOROUS   CANDLE   TREE. 

MviiirA  ixoDonA.     Arhorca,  fuliis  lanccolaio-cUipflcis  inliqri.i  oljlii.ii.<!  nhir- 
(jinc  rcnilnlis  Ikh^I  ciincatis  suhtus  r!x  fy'innmoda  iilcrlsqur  midis,  Imci'i.i 

-MvitiCA  i'/iinliii-'i,  I?art!iam'.s  Travels  in  Florida,  &e.,  p.  40;"). 
Myuica  iihunilii,  Chapman,  MSS. 

Ix  tho  month  of  March,  IS-'iO,  on  the  borders  of  the  E.scaiul)ia, 
in  We.st  Florida,  I  had  the  fortune  to  rodiscovor  tliis  fnu- 
species  of  M^'rica,  so  long  since  descriljed  by  the  amiable  and 
excellent  Wm.  Bartrani,  near  Taensa  Blnft',  on  the  Mobile  River, 
when'  he  I'emarks,  August  5,  17TG,  ''In  my  excursions  idjout 
tills  place,  I  observed  many  curious  vegetable  productions, 
pin'ticularly  a  species  of  Myrica.  {Mjiricn  i'iioJodl)  This  very 
beautiful  evergreen  shrub,  which  the  French  inhabitants  call 
the  Wax  Tree,  grows  in  wet,  sandy  ground,  about  tlie  edges  of 
swamps;  it  risi's  erect  nine  or  ten  leet,  dividing  itself  into  a 
nudtitude  of  nearly  erect  branches,  wliich  arc  garnished  with 
nuinv  shining  deep-green  entire  leaves  of  a  lanceolate  figure. 
The  uranches  produce  abundance  of  large  round  berries,  which 
are  covered  with  a  scale  or  coat  of  white  wa.x:  no  part  of  this 
plant  possesses  any  degree  of  fragrance.  It  is  in  high  estima- 
tion with  the  inhabitants  for  the  production  of  wax  for  candles, 
for  wliich   pui'iiose   it   answers  erpially  well   with    beeswax,  or 


fiO 


INODOROUS     C  A  N  I)  L  E     T  P.  E  R. 


prefc'i'iiblo,  as  it  is  liiinlur  and  more  lasting  in  hurniiig." — 15au- 
tram's  rrarih,  p.  405-100. 

Wc  found  it  ('xat:tly  in  similar  situations  as  tlioso  described 
by  Bartram;  and  it  has  also  been  found  in  Alabama  by  Dr.  Juet, 
iVom  whom  I  have  been  favored  with  specimens.  It  may  with 
propriety  be  called  a  tree,  though  never  so  large  a  one  as  the 
Mi/ricd  Fajjd,  or  Fayal  Myrtle.  The  stem  sometimes  attains 
the  thickness  of  a  man's  arm,  and,  like  the  rest  of  the  genus,  it 
is  gregarious  and  forms  stout  thickets  on  the  margins  of  small 
streams  and  swamps.  The  berries  are  twice  as  large  as  those 
of  the  connnon  Wax  Mjrtle.  Though  the  leaves  have  no  jjcr- 
ceptible  scent,  they  arc  not  always  entirely  Avithout  the  usual 
scaly  resinous  glands;  they  have  no  serratures,  and  arc  about 
three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  by  one  to  one  and  a  half 
wide.  The  l)ark  is  of  a  gray  color,  inclining  to  brown.  The 
male  catkins  are  unusually  large,  as  well  as  the  berries,  and  the 
leaves,  when  c^d,  are  as  stiff  as  in  the  laurel.  The  stamens 
beneath  each  scale  of  the  anient  arc  eight,  with  distinct 
filaments  and  monadelphous  at  base;  the  sunnnit  of  the  catkin 
is  nearly  without  scales,  and  terminates  in  monadelphous 
branchlets  of  stamens,  each  bearing  three  or  four  anthers.  The 
female  catkin  is  loose,  and  the  lower  scales  empty;  the  germ  is 
pilose.  The  wood  appears  compact,  fine-grained,  and  nearly 
wtiite.  The  candles  formed  of  the  myrtle  wax  I)urn  long,  yield 
a  grateful  smell,  and  are  destitute  of  the  disagreeable  scent  pro- 
duced on  extinguishing  tallow  candles.  In  Carolina,  a  kind  of 
sealing  wax  has  been  made  of  it,  and  the  root  has  been 
accounted  a  specific  in  toothache.  In  Prussia  it  has  been  culti- 
vated for  the  wax. 


The  Fayal  Myrtij;  (. .'.  Faija)  is  in  Fayal  the  principal 
article  of  fuel;  it  there  attains  the  ordinary  height  of  a  peach- 
tree,  with    a    more   erect    stem:    it   produces    a   considerable 


INODOROUS    CANDLE     TREE. 


61 


(|iiiintity  of  compact,  reddish  wood.  It  is  iilso  ciiltivatod  in  rows 
liotwc'on  and  around  tiio  orange  trees  for  tlie  puri/oso  ol'  slielter 
from  the  cutting  sea-ljrei'zes,  -wiiicli  -would  otherwise  al)ridgo 
Uieir  height  and  retard  tlieir  growtii.  .Ml  the  gardens  of  the 
i^■land  reciuire  the  same  shelter  for  which  the  evergreen  Faya  is 
so  well  calculated,  hcing  perfectly  hardy  and  indigenous  to  the 
Azores. 

PLATE   XIV. 

A  brunch  of  the  imlund  .si:c.    n.    Tin'  hrrnj. 


PLANE     THEE. 


Xiiiu-ril    Onkr,  rLATAXK.i;.     Liiuicaii    Cfa.isifwatl<»i,  MoN(i;riA, 

I'uLYANDIilA. 

PLATANUS.*    (TouuNi:i-iJUT.) 

Flowers  of  one  sex,  those  of  tlie  two  kinds  situated  uiuin  the  nanio 
plant,  and  eaeli  of  tliem  disposed  in  sphiTical  anients  on  iiendnlons  • 
stalks,  produein,!,'  from  two  to  five  npon  each.  M.m.h  Ihiucrs 
iornu'd  of  minute  thickish  braetes;  the  iilamcnts  very  short,  situ- 
ated ln'tween  tlic  liracles.  Aii/hcrs  '2-celled,  attaehed  to  iv  connec- 
livuni  broader  than  the  filament,  with  a  peltate  summit.  Fkmai.k. 
I'istils,  numerous,  in  pairs.  Oi-'(i\>/  of  1-ecll,  ineliuliiiu'  one  to  two 
pendulous  ovules.  .Slijnms  2,  long  and  llliliirni.  Fnol,  a  earpel 
seated  in  a  tuft  of  artieuhUed  hairs,  ineluding  one  pendulous 
oblong  seed,  destitute  of  albumen. 

Lofty,  (loeichions-loaved  trees,  with  widely-spri'uding  braiiehes 
inul  a  dense,  broad  foliage  having  n  pentangular  ontline. 
Natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  Northern  Afri<a,  and  tlie  teinjieratt! 
parts  of  Nortli  America.  The  species  about  three.  Leaves 
alternate,  palmate;  the  bud  concealed  beneath  a  conical  envelop 
and  immersed  in  the  base  of  the  petiole.  The  young  shoots 
and  leaves  covered  with  a  deciduous  down.  The  old  bark  at 
length  scaling  off  in  extensive  patches,  leaving  the  trunk 
smooth. 


*  Tho  ninuc  is  from  the  CIreek  wuni  ^^/-i','/.-,  hw.td,  in  allusion  to  its  wido-siireiiJ 
leaves  ami  braiielies. 


ml 


L 


I'l.W 


rl:ll:inilll  I'Jirrllllisil 


CALIFORNIA  BUTTOXWOOD,or  PLANE. 

al'is  siihtii.s  /,o^ »'/''•'"'■*"  /"'""'''s  hiiirhian  hnii-aihil'is  ,iri/iiiiiiiili,s  iiifii/ri.-; 
,v///»//;x  <n,,/iil'iii.<  fnirlih'i.-'  jv/i.r//*'-.-;.--.— XiTTALL,  .Msi^.  ill  Aiululii.n's 
i5ii''.!s  of  Aiiioru-'ii,  tai).  o&2. 

Tins  ri'innrktilily  distinci  spocios  of  riatrmus  is  a  native  of 
Upiior  California,  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barbara,  wlicro  it 
jmts  on  very  nuioli  the  appearance  of  our  eoininon  IJi.ittonwooil, 
{Pl((ta  ».s  Ovfhhnhdls.)     As  far  as  I  yet  know,  it  is  iW  only 
siiecies  on   tlie  western  coast  of  America.     It  grows  iiroljably 
farther  north,  out  T  did  not  meet  with  it  in  the  territory  of 
Oregon.     It  docs  not  appear  in  this  unfriendly  cli-natc  to  arrive 
at  the  gigantic  magnitude  of  its  Eastern  prototype,  though  it 
eiiualb-  a^'ects  rich  hottom-lands  and   the   borders  of  streams; 
l)ut  the  scarcity  of  rain,  in  this  climate,  -ivliich  lia<l  not  for  three 
years  been  sullicient  to  encourage  the  raising  of  crops,  and  the 
coiise(|ueiit    disappearance    of    water    in    most   of    the    brooks, 
prevented,  no  doubt,  tlii.-;  subaquatic  tixo   from    assuming  its 
proper   character  in  a  .ii'-re   favorable  soil.     At  first  view  it 
would    be    taken   for    die    ordinary  species,  spreading  out    the 
same   serpentine    picturesrpio    limbs,  occasionally  denuded   of 
their  old  coat  of  bark,  and  producing  the  same  wide  and  gigan- 
tic trunk;  but  a  glance  .-'- 1  lie  leaves,  no  less  than  the  fruit,  would 
remind  the  Easter'-   traveller  that  he  sojourned  in  a  new  region 
of  vegetation,  and  objects  apparently  the  mo,-t  familiar  he  met 
around    him,   associate    them    as    h<'   would,  were    stdl   wholly 

strangers. 

The  leaves  not  fully  exinuided  were  about  four  inches  wide 
and  the  same  in  len;vth.  divided  more  than  half-way  down  into 
ti  e  shar|i-pointed,  lanceolate  portions,  of  which  the  two  lower 
are  the  smallest:  all  the  divisions  are  ((uite  entire,  two  of  them 


64 


O  II I  E  N  T  A  L     r  Ti  A  X  E     T  R  E  E. 


in  small  leavt's  .t'i'  suppressed,  thus  producing  a  leaf  of  only 
three  parts.  Above,  as  usual,  the  surface  is  at  first  clad  with  a 
yellowish  copious  down  formed  of  ramified  hairs,  which  cpiickly 
falls  off  and  spreads  itself  in  the  atmosphei'e.  The  under  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  are,  however,  always  copiously  clad  with  a 
coat  of  whitish  wool,  which  remains.  Tiie  young  leaves,  chu' 
in  their  brown  pilose  clothing,  have  a  voiy  uncommon  appear- 
ance, and  feel  exactly  like  a,  piece  of  stout,  thick  woollen  cloth. 
The  branchlets,  petioles,  and  peduncles  arc  equally  villous.  The 
nude  catkins  are  small,  less  in  size  than  peas,  full  of  long-haired 
scales,  and  with  unusually  small  anthers.  The  fi mala  catkins 
are  in  racmnes  of  three  to  five  in  luunlier,  with  remarkably  long 
styles,  being  between  twt)  and  three-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length, 
and  persistent  on  the  rii)e  Ijalls.  The  raceme  with  the  full- 
grown  balls  measures  nine  inches.  The  tree  has,  therefore,  a 
very  unusual  appearance,  filled  with  these  very  long  pendulous 
racemes,  each  Ijcaring  from  three  to  four  or  even  iive  balls,  at 
tiie  distance  of  aliont  an  inch  from  each  other.  The  stignuis 
are  at  first  of  a  deep  and  bright  brown. 

The  wood  of  this  s[)ecies,  as  far  as  I  could  learn  from  the 
American  i-esidents  at  Santa  Barbara,  is  far  i)referable  to  that 
of  tlie  common  Buttonwood,  being  much  harder,  more  durable, 
less  lialjje  to  warp,  and  capable  of  receiving  a  good  polish:  it  is 
of  a  pale  yellowish  color,  like  the  young  wood  of  the  Oriental 
Plane,  and  bears  some  resembhiuce  to  beech  wood  in  its  texture. 
In  the  radiation  of  its  medullary  vessels,  it  resembles  the  wood 
of  the  eou;mou  species. 

PLATE   XV. 

A  branch  af  Ihc  natarai  nizc.    a.  The  carjn'J. 


The  OliiKNTAl,  Pl.AMO   {PItifonHX  Orii'iihilis)   deserves  to  Ix; 
planted  in  the  Unite<l  States  as  an  orniiuiental  tree.     If  grows 


ORIENTAL    PLANE     TREE. 


to  tlie  liL'ight  of  from  .sevonty  to  niuoty  feet,  with  wiilely-spiviul- 
iiig  brandies  and  a  massive  trunk,  forming  altogether  a  ma^ 
je.stic  object.  The  leaves  are  more  deeply  divided  and  indented 
than  in  our  common  .species.  A  iniiv.:  cf  the  East,  where 
shady  trees  are  not  so  abundant  as  in  North  America,  it  was 
celebrated  in  the  earliest  records  of  (Ireciuii  history.  Xerxes, 
it  8eem.s,  (according  to  Herodotus,)  was  so  fascinated  witli  a 
beautiful  Plane  Tree  which  he  found  growing  in  Lycia,  that 
he  encircled  it  with  a  ring  of  gold,  and  confided  the  charge  of 
it  to  one  of  the  Ten  Thousand.  lie  passed  an  entire  day 
under  its  shade,  encamping  with  his  whole  army  in  its  vicinity ; 
and  the  delay  so  occasioned  was  believed  to  be  one  of  the  causes 
of  his  defeat.  Pausanius  (a. I).  170)  mentions  a  Plane  Tree  of 
extraordinary  size  and  beauty  in  Arcadia,  which  was  said  to 
have  been  planted  by  Menelaus,  the  husband  of  Helen,  and  to 
have  been,  at  the  time  he  saw  it,  loUO  years  old. 

Plane  Trees  were  j)lanted  near  all  the  public  schools  in 
Atlu'us.  The  groves  of  Epicurus,  in  which  Aristotle  taught 
his  peripat  'tic  disciples,  the  shady  walks  planted  near  the 
(lymnasia  and  other  pul)lic  bui'dings  of  Athens,  and  the 
groves  of  Aco;ienms,  in  which  Plato  delivered  his  celebrated 
I'iscourses,  vere  all  formed  of  this  tree. 

Tlie  re  u  ark  able  Plane  Tree  at  Buyukdere,  or  the  Great 
Valley,  mentioned  b}'  Olivier,  the  naturalist,  an  1  after  him  by 
Poucqueville,  ''  .,"  -(u.so,  and  various  other  writirs,  has  a  trunk 
that  presents  ti  ■  ■  cpoarancc  of  fcan  or  eight  trees  having  a 
common  origin,  which  Olivier  suppose,,  ^c  be  the  stool  of  a 
decayed  tree,  and  which  were  all  connected  at  their  base.  Dr. 
Walsh,  who  measured  the  tree  in  1831,  foinid  the  trunk  one 
hundred  and  forty-one  feet  in  circumference  at  the  base,  and 
its  branches  covered  a  space  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  in 
diameter.  The  trunk  divides  into  fourteen  branches,  some  of 
which  issue  from  below  the  present  surface  of  the  soil,  and 
some  do  not  divide  till  they  rise  seven  or  eight  feet  above  it ; 

»UL.  IV. -& 


C(j 


ORIENTAL     PLANE     TREE. 


one  of  tlie  Inrgost  is  hollowed  out  by  fire,  luul  aflbrds  a  cabin 
to  shelter  a  husbanclman.  The  tree,  if  it  can  be  considered  a 
sing'  )>lnxit,  is  certainly  the  largest  in  the  world.  But  what 
rende/,'-  object  of  more  than  usual  interest  is,  that  IvI.  D'»- 

candoUe  v        ctnres  it  must  be  more  than  2000  years  old. 

The  wood  of  the  Oriental  Plane,  in  the  Levant  and  in  Asia, 
is  used  in  carpentry,  joinery,  and  cabinet-making.  It  is  said 
to  make  beautiful  furniture,  on  account  of  the  smoothness  of 
its  grain  and  its  suscejitibility  of  receiving  a  high  polish. 


Concerning  our  common  Plane  Tree  or  Buttonwood,  {Pla/a- 
nwi  Occidental  is,)  Dr.  Darlington  remarks,  in  Ills  "  Flora  Ces- 
trica,"  l)age  542,  "  It  makes  a  noble  shade  in  front  of  houses 
where  it  has  room  to  develop  itself:"  and  he  further  remarks, 
that  "  the  icood  is  not  much  esteemed,  but  is  occasionally 
sawed  into  joists  and  other  hnuber."  It  is  beginning  to  be  con- 
siderably planted  i-.i  a  shade-tree  ou  the  side-walks  of  the  streets 
in  several  of  the  large  towns  of  the  United  States,  and,  being 
seldom  attacked  by  insects,  and  rarely  elevating  the  pavements, 
it  is  exceedingly  well  calculated  for  this  useful  iiurposo  in  a 
climate  subject  to  such  ardent  summer  boats ;  but,  if  the  Orien- 
tal Plane  would  answer  lUe  same  purpose,  and  it  is  easily  pro- 
pagated, we  should  not  only  possess  an  ornamental  but  also  a 
useful  tree,  as  it  regards  the  wood.  The  finest  specimens  of 
trees  of  this  species,  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  are  those 
round  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  which  were  i)lauted  about 
the  year  17G0. 


POPLARS. 


Xatund    Onlir,    Amkxtace.e,    (Juss.)       Suhunlcr,    Saucine^e. 
lAmuraii  ClaKi  miil  Order,  DiUiCiA,  Octandkia. 

roruLUs.*   (Lixn.) 

DliKCiots.  Anicnts  cyli,  'Iric,  with  the  scales  deeply  cleft.  Fcrianlh 
cuii-shajied,  ohluiue,  and  entire.  Slaiiwiis  about  eij^jht,  (or  I'roiu 
thirty  to  one  hundred  or  more,)  inserted  on  the  scale  or  iierianth. 
Fi;iiTii,E  Fi.oKKTS  with  the  scales  and  jierianth  a  in  the  male. 
Slii/ma.^  three  or  four.  Oipsiilc  1-celled,  2  to  4 salved.  /SVu/i 
luinicrons,  couiose,  with  long,  soft  hairs  like  wool. 

Trees  of  the  temperate  and  colder  parts  of  Kuropo  and  Xorth 
America,  with  one  spi'cies  in  Asia.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  nnind- 
ish,  or  deltoidly  conlute,  the  petiole,  for  the  most  ]>art,  vertical!'' 
coin|iressed  toward  the  summit,  and  often  sjiandular  at  the  base;  the 
llowers  (as  m  the  AVillows,  to  which  they  are  intimately  allied)  ap- 
pearintr  before  the  leaves. 

The  1  oplars  are  divisible  into  two  set^tions  or  subijenera. 

§  I.  Those  properly  so  called,  with  about  eight  stamens,  and, 
Usually,  tiliform   stiinuas. 

S  2.  Those  with  from  thirty  to  one  hundred  or  uiore  stamens,  and 
with  broad,  ililated,  rcniliirm  stigmas.  J'ota.mkhia.  These  are  mostly 
large  trees,  which  atl'ect  the  banks  of  rivers,  and  includes  I'lijniliis 
l<ii-li/iil(t,  (/'.  Ciiiiiii/nisis,  Mich,  li!.,)  ./'.  <ii)ipihiUi,  l\  nioiiilifcrtt,  I'.  Iidr- 
niiilii/ll",  (/'.  (injailiv,  Mwu.  til.,)  and  firobably  1'.  riaulirai(.^;  J'.  b<d- 
fdiiiifira,  and  our  /'.  (iiif/iislifuliii. 


*  An  "111  Latin  tuinio  of  uiicortiiin  dorivation. 


ti7 


NARROW-LEAVED  BALSAM  POPLAR. 


Porri.vs  A\<irsTiFOLiA.  Foliis  oriiMou'Cdlnlin  Innnrihiilsrc  wiitis,  mi- 
/icrnr  iiltiiiiiiilis  pcmiincn'iis  coiu'dhirihiis  (jlnbrls  adpri'.isii-itemilis ; 
rm.iiih's  ^  /■( 7/7;i/,v  r/l<ilirl.<!,  geminw  rrsinnsis. 

J\  (inriiislifiiliii,  Toiiur.v,  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.  N.  York.  vol.  ii.  p.  24It. 

JS'tirnjir-harcil  Ojtl'inirun,/,  of  Lkwis  and  Claukk. 

As  we  ascended  the  banks  of  tlie  river  Platte,  in  our  ex- 
tended journey  to  tlie  West,  about  Laramie's  Fork,  a  nortliern 
branch  of  that  extensive  stream,  we  observed  searciy  any 
otlier  tree  along  the  alluvial  plains  but  the  pre.seat  and  the 
Cottonwood;  and  those  were  chielly  confined  to  the  islands,  a 
eircumsti>  CO  accounted  for  by  the  annual  burning  of  the  prai- 
ries, which  wholly  .-trips  the  streams  of  their  margin  of  lorest. 
so  that  we  behold,  far  and  wide,  nothing  but  a  vast  plain,  a  sea 
of  grass  undulating  before  the  breeze;  and  the  illusion  api)ears 
more  sensible  by  the  fact  that  the  only  variation  to  the  scene 
is  produced  by  the  scattered  islands  of  the  lofty  Poplar,  which 
gives  life  and  variety  to  the  wild  and  boundless  landscape. 

The  height  of  this  species,  which  so  nearly  resembles  the 
IJalsam  Poplar,  may  be  about  sixty  to  one  hundred  feet,  having 
a  trunk  of  proportionate  diameter,  clad,  like  the  Cottonwood, 
with  a  rough,  grayish  bark.  Although  a  brittle  and  p(jor  wood 
for  almost  every  purpose,  it  will,  like  tiie  Cottonwood  of  the 
Mississippi,  {Bi/>i(7i(.s  <ni;/ii/<(/(i,)  become,  of  necessity,  important 
for  fence  and  fuel,  whenever  this  country  shall  become  settled, 
as  scai'cely  any  other  timber  exists  in  sufficient  quantity  for 
economical  purposes.  When  dry,  it  burns  well,  but  is  quickly 
reduced  to  ashes. 

Whatever  may  be  the  immediate  uses  of  the  Narrow-leaved 

Poplar,  we  must  say  that,  in  a  country  so  exi)osed  and  arid  as 

the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  we  felt  grateful  for  the  shade  and 
08 


^ 


nxs'i. 


Pdjmlus  AiiqtiNiirdlia 

f'fUftltfr  InittrHi^ftt  /eut/^rjf  ftiviifS  i.trniu  //v//--^*/ /////•'//»,  /J////,*/- 


n 
1 

)l 

a 

V 

t 

t 
1 
1 


NARROW-LEAVED     HALSAM    POPLAR. 


01) 


slH'ltiT  it  .x()  orton  oxclusively  afTimk'd  uh,  with  tlie  cxcciitioii  (if 
ii  few  insifriiilicant  Willows,  that  frerniently  asTOciate  with  it. 
Ill  nhovt,  wo  rarely  lost  .Hif5ht  of  this  tree,  which  arcoiiipanied  us 
to  tlu'  iiortliiTii  soinroH  of  the  Platte,  invsciited  itself,  as  usual, 
on  the  alluvial  hanks  of  the  Colorado  of  the  West,  aloufr  Lewis 
Kiver,  of  the  Shoshonce,  the  hanks  of  the  ()re<;-on  from   the 
Walla-Walla  to  its  estuary,  attaining  along  the  hanks  of  this 
nohle   stream,  and    its  southern    trihutary  the    Wahlamet,  an 
uugmeution  so  great  as  to  vie  in  miignitude  with  the  tall  Cotton- 
wood of  the  Mississippi,  and  to  pass  amidst  the  mighty  forests 
of  the  West  as  one  of  the  largest  deeiduous-leaved  trees  of  the 
eouutry.     We  (lud  this  speeies  of  Poplar  also  on  the  hanks  of 
the  Missouri,  on   the  upper  part  of  the  river,  from  whenee  it 
eontinues  nuinterriiptedly  to  the  valleys  of  the  Eoeky  Moun- 
tains.    In  the  severity  of  winter,  the  houghs  arc  collected   by 
tlie  aborigines  to  support  their  horses;  the  heaver  likewise  feeds 
upon  them  hy  choice'. 

Early  in  the  spring  the  balsamic  odor  of  its  resinous  buds 
may  be  perceived  far  and  wide,  and  the  shade  of  its  tidl,  rouid, 
and  spreading  sunnnit  invited  hosts  of  birds  to  its  Ijranches, 
particularly  the  large  and  tine  IJand-tailed  Pigeon,  .'hich  feeds 
with  avidity  on  its  seed-buds  in  tiie  spring,  allbrding  them  an 
al)uudaut  article  of  food. 

The  lesser  branches  are  rather  tough  than  brittle,  covered 
with  a  smooth,  yellowish  bark.  The  leaves  vary  on  the  same 
branch,  iu  this  respect,  that  the  earliest  brought  out  are  tlie 
widest;  these  are  generally  ovate  and  acute,  (not  acuminated  as 
in  the  Balsam  Poplar,)  rounded  below;  afterward  come  out  a 
set  of  lauceuhite  leaves,  much  longer  than  the  others,  often 
three  inches  by  only  one  inch  wide:  these  are  acute  at  both 
ends,  and  would  pass  very  well  for  those  of  a  Willow;  they  are 
all  nuvrgiued  with  line,  bluntish,  appressed  serratures,  and 
beneath  they  are  nearly  the  same  color  as  above.  The  foot- 
stalks of  the  leaves  or  petioles  are  about  three-cpuirters  to  an 


10 


C  i)  T  T  0  N  W  0  0  D— A  M  E  II I  C  A  N     ASPEN. 


inch  ill  k'lifrtii.  Tiii'  lu'rvL'M  arc  all  liiint  bi'iicatli  and  pi'iiiiati', 
with  no  a|)[)t'ai'aiice  of  Ix-'ing  .'j-nei'ved  at  tlic  base;  the  iimiilKT 
of  tliL'HO  nerves  or  lateral  vewsels  are  twelvi;  to  fil'toeii  on  a  side, 
at  least  double  the  miinber  they  are  in  the  Balsam  Poplar. 
The  raehis  of  the  female  anient  is  smooth,  the  ;^erms  miieh  eor- 
rii,!rated  in  dryiiifr,  and  the  scaly  cup  of  the  frerni  very  shallow, 
not  more  than  half  the  size  of  that  of  tlu!  species  to  wliii'h  it  is 
so  closely  allied.  Upon  the  whole  eoniiiarison,  we  are  .satisfied 
that  this  is  iis  distiiit^t  a  sjiecics  as  ati}'  in  the  genus.  In  the 
Fi.oii.v  IiossicA.  vol.  i.  p.  07,  t.  41.  15.,  a  leaf  is  given  as  a  variety 
ol'  the  Halsaiii  Poplar  from  Altai,  very  similar  to  oui'  present 
species. 

PLATE   XVI. 

^l  lirniirli  vf  //«■  HiiUu'iil  xi:r.     <i.   The  cnjisuh: 


('oTTONWoon,  Poi'ui.rs  i,.i;vi(!.vtv,  ]Vi!l</.  [R  <"<(«'«/' /<.s7.v,  Mini., 
8ylva,  vol.  ii.  pi.  '.)'}.) 

This  species,  more  hardy  than  the  Mississippi  Cottonwood,  is 
found  on  the  banks  of  most  of  the  Western  rivers  I'or  a  consider- 
able distance  toward  the  Koclcy  Mountains.  It  is  abundant  on 
the  l)orders  of  the  Arkansa.s,  but  is  nowhere  met  with  in  Oregon 
Territory. 

IJ.vi.sAM  Poi'LAU,  {Pijtidit-s  hdlsmni/ini.)  In  F/nni  Roxsica, 
vol.  i.  pp.  fiT  and  41,  is  given  a  figure  of  a  Poplar  from  Daoiiria, 
called  the  IJalsani  Poplar,  wliicli  does  not  tippear  to  be  our 
plant.  The  leaves  are  wider,  with  shorter  petioles.  This  spe- 
cies stretches  into  Eastern  Siberia,  along  the  river-banks,  to  the 
peninsula  of  Kamtschatka. 


A.MERiCA\  Asi'EX,  {BipiiJii-1  frcmuh!(?c.t,  Mini.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am., 
vol.  ii.p.  243.    P.  fniiiiJa,  Wji.i.d.)    This  elegant  species,  of  which 


WHITE    I'ol'LAI!. 


71 


till!  loaves,  like  tlie  Eiiropoiin  Aspon,  trcinhlc  and  vilinitc  in  tlic 
faintent  hrcozo,  is  nu't  with  west  of"  tlio  Mississippi,  in  scattcr- 
inj^  groups,  cliii'lly  in  the  viivircs  of  the  mountains,  wlicro 
sjirings  issuf  out,  and  in  narrow  valleys,  -vvlu're  consideralilo 
firoups  of  this  trco  may  l>o  scon,  into  the  centre  of  the  lioiky 
Mountain  chain ;  l)ut  tliey  hero  attain  a  very  inconsiderablo 
magnitude,  being  seldom  thicker  than  a  man's  arm. 

WiiiTF,  Poi'LAH,  (/'.  (dhti,)  now  commonly  cult  \ated  with  us 
lor  ornament,  soon  attains  the  nnignitiido  of  an  Oak.  This 
wood,  remarkable  for  its  whiteness,  is  generally  used  in  the 
South  of  Franco  for  wainscoting  and  tlooring  houses,  and  in 
Knghind  it  is  I'mploycd  by  turners  for  a  host  of  small  articles 
and  utensils  of  housekeeping. 

The  wood  of  various  species  of  Poplar  has  been  emi)loyed  for 
dyeing:  tliat  of  the  Lombardy  or  Italian  PopLar  boiled  in  water 
with  wool  communicates  a  very  permanent  golden-yi'llow  color; 
other  species,  as  the  IMack,  Yii'ginia  Pofjlar,  and  Cottonwood, 
give,  according  to  the  length  of  time  employed  and  the  (juantity 
of  the  wood  boiled,  various  shades  of  color,  as  that  of  nankeen, 
nuisc,  the  color  of  the  Vicunga,  with  other  shado.><,  and  answer 
convi'niontly  for  the  ground  of  other  colors. 


■J 


WILLOWS. 


Ndtni-dl    Onli'i;  AMF.XTArK.T:,   (Jussiou.)      SuTm-dir,  Sai.icixk.k. 
Liiiiiinni  C/iiK'.ijIiiitiioi,  Di'KtiA.  DiAMiiiiA,  &c. 


SALLX.*    (TouiiMiFouT,  Li.wv.) 

Tlio  fldw^i's  ai'o  iiiiixroTsf  ov  vory  riiroly  .Moxoxioirs,  disjioscd  in  ovuid 
or  cyliiidrie  ciitkiiis.  coiiiiinsLMl  of  undivided  Roiilt's  wliicli  ai'c  iin- 
In'ifrttcd  ovi'i'  ciicli  (itlar,  iind  oacli  willi  flic  ]iistil-<  or  stiiiiiotis  toriu 
a  flowi'r;  at  tlio  liase  oi'  those  scales  exists  a  stiiail  c;linidiilar  body, 
wliieh  is  cither  siinjile  or  hifid,  and  surrounds  tho  inierior  organs 
of  reproduction.  In  the  mate  flowers  there  exist  from  four  to  iive, 
or  oven  sc\en  to  nine  stamens;  (ordinarily  there  are  only  t'  i.)  Tti 
the  j'l  male  tlowers  the  ovary  is  sinirle,  teriiiinatcd  liy  a  liitid  style, 
havintr  usually  four  stiLtnuis.  The  capsule  or  foITu  !e  eonsi.ts  of  one 
cell  with  two  valves.  The  seeds  are  very  inunerous  and  minute, 
each  terminated  hy  a  lonij;  tuft  ol' hairs  or  j.appns;  the  radicle  is 
inferior,  or  in  an  inverse  position  to  that  of  the  I'oplars,  to  whicli 
they  are  so  intimately  allied 

The  Willows,  uunuTous  in  species,  are  all  (witii  two  L'xee[)- 
tions  in  the  Straits  of  Magellan  and  Peru)  natives  of  the  iiorlli- 
ern  hemisphere,  up. I  all  of  tin-ni  shrubs  or  trees,  sonic  not  more 
than  an  inch  in  height  above  the  ground,  couhncd  to  tho  high- 
est sunnnits  of  lofty  mountains,  others  attaining  an  elevation  of 


*  Paid  to  be  derived  from  llio  Cihie  .«(/,  iieiir,  and  !i»,  wiitcr. 

f  A  term  usi'd  by  Ijimia'us  td  cl('sii.'iia*e  a  cliiss  iif  jilaiits  wliich  have  flowers  of 
different  sexes  on  two  different  iiidivijuals,  moiuuin,  witli  two  .scirt.s  of  flowers  oil 
diffi  rent  parts  of  the  same  plant. 


I 


ssam 


WILL  0  W  S. 


73 


iift^'or  sixty  foot.  The  wood  is  usually  light  and  c'loso-graiiiod : 
the  twigs  of  several  species,  used  by  baskot-uiakors,  arc  roinark- 
ahlo  for  thoir  pliability.  The  bark  of  iiiost  of  the  species  con- 
tains a  peculiar  vegetable  principle,  called  saUcine,  which,  for 
intonnittont  fevers,  is  nearly  as  servieeal)lo  as  Peruvian  bark; 
and  the  down  of  tlio  seeds  has  l)oen  nianufuotured  into  a  coarse 
paper.  Most  of  the  species  aflc'ct  wet  or  humid  situations, 
being  common  on  the  immediate  ])orders  of  bnjoks  and  rivers, 
which  they  fringe  with  a  luxuriant  and  agreeable  vegetation. 
Tiie  llowers  generally  pre;'e  le  the  apjiearance  of  the  leaves,  and, 
tiiough  not  beautiful,  they  are  scon  with  delight,  as  the  earliest 
liarbingers  of  our  northern  spring.  '"he  species,  more  than 
two  hundred  in  number,  present  nearly  the  same  general  form 
of  foliage,  with  the  margin  encire  or  serrated;  the  catkins  are 
lateral  or  terminal,  and  the  strmens  are  too  variaLiJ  in  number 
to  admit  of  a  classification  by  them;  there  are  some  with  only 
one,  a  good  many  with  two,  others  with  tl  "o,  four,  live,  or  even 
nine  or  leu.  Tiie  capsules,  though  small,  ailb'- 1  the  best  traits 
of  specitie  distiuctitin.  The  leaves  put  on  various  a])pearances, 
anil  even  outlines,  in  the  progress  of  their  growth,  and  the 
Willows  justly  rank  among  botanists  as  the  most  protean  and 
diilicult  liimily  of  plants  to  di>criminate  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sjiiiere.  In  oui'  tour  across  tiie  continent  we  have  met  with 
some  remarkable  six'cies,  four  or  live  of  which  b'^come  trees  : 
we  shall  oiler  descriptions  of  the  whole,  but  only  give  figures 
of  those  which  rank  amojig  arborescent  species. 


iv. 


LONG-LEAVED    WILLOW. 

Samx  spkciosa.  /''i/Z/s  liiiii/iysiiiii'.-i  l(i)ifcohtlis  .nrriiliili.-i  promhfic  ariioi  - 
natift  (jlaliris  shIjIus  (jlnxcis  jntnorihus  pilaais ;  timciitis  si-rolinl'i  C>-',)-'iii- 
(Irts,  iitrntinihus  pcdkxUuUs  lunccoltitis  acunmatis  ylahrls,  squamin  lan- 
veolato-iihlongis  scrkcts,  sth/mntis  Miis  Itijiilif, 

8.M.IX  nciDA,  Hook,  (as  it  ro^iird.s  the  Ori'u;oii  phuit.) — Fltir.  Bor. 
Am.,  viil.  ii.  \i.  14S. 

No  Willow  on  the  Ainericivn  continent  presents  so  remurkable 
and  sjili'ndid  an  appeiiraneo  as  the  jnvsont;  the  cflect  of  which 
is  produced  no  U'ss  by  its  magnitude  than  the  size  and  beauty 
of  its  tbliaire.  Its  aspect  is  that  of  a  large  Peach  Tree,  with 
the  leaves  and  tJieir  stalks  fi-oni  live  to  eight  inches  long  by  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide;  beneath,  wlien  adult,  tlu'y  ai'e 
glaucous.  lil\e  thosi'  of  the  River  Maple.  The  sununit  is  tufted 
and  spreading,  and  the  tree  attains  the  elevation  of  about  twcnity 
to  thirty  I'eel,  with  a  trunk  of  twelve;  to  eighteen  inches  in 
diameter.  When  in  full  bloom,  which  is  with  the  lirst  ex- 
pansion of  the  leaves,  in  May,  the  numerous  and  large  briglit- 
yidlow  catkins,  loading  the  branches,  enndate  the  finest  Acacia 
of  New  Holland;  they  are  also  agreeal)l}'  fragrant,  and  attract 
swarms  of  wild  bees  and  other  insects,  in  continual  motion 
among  their  waving  branches.  We  have  seen  this  noblj  s[)e- 
cies  nowhere  in  such  [icrfection  as  along  the  banks  of  the  deep 

iddamet  and  the  wide  Oregon,  whose  mnnerous  islands  are 


W^ 

almost  exclusively  decked  with  this  imposing  Willow,  which 
continues  to  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  along  the  neighboring 
streams  as  far  ciist  as  the  rivor  Boisee.  As  we  sailed  along  th(( 
smooth  bosom  of  these  extensixc  streams,  for  many  nnles  we  never 
lost  sight  of  the  liongdeavetl  Willow,  which  seemed  to  dispute  tlie 
domain  of  the  sweeping  ilood,  fringing  the  banks  of  tiie  streams 
anil  concealing  liie  marshes  entirely  IVom  view;   at  every  instant, 


I 


I 


/..'«,/  I,;i,,',/  11,//,. 


SllliX     S|I<>('I<IK 


■  Km/e  (//•(/(■/,-,■ 


of 

1.1 

ill: 
be 
1<> 

Pi 
() 

ill 
ii: 
hi 


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a 
o 

1; 
(.1 
1 
^ 
( 
( 


1 


LONG-LEAVED    WILLOW. 


75 


Avlu«n  toudied  by  the  breeze,  displaying  the  contrasted  surfa.-o 
of  tlieir  leaves,  above  of  a  deep  and  lucid  green,  beneath  tlie 
l.luish-wiiite  of  silver:  the  whole  scene,  rctlected  by  the  water 
and  in  constant  motion,  presented  a  silent  picture  of  ex.inisite 
benuty.  Inunediately  behind  this  foreground  of  spreading  Wil- 
lows arose,  in  the  first  rank  of  the  legitimate  forest,  the  lofty 
Toplars  we  have  already  described,  succeeded  by  the  i::;ij'>«tic 
Oaks  and  Maples,  while  the  distant  hills  to  their  summits  were 
impenetrably  hid  by  the  vast  towering  Tines  and  Firs,  which, 
mingling  as  it  were  with  the  clouds,  close  in  the  re-t  of  the 
landscape  with  funereal  grandeur. 

This  species  is  related  to  the  TAicid  nnd  Bay  Willow.-,  and 
the  buds  have  something  of  the  same  aromatic  exudation;  the 
-errulations  and  the  base  of  the  leaf  are  also  equally  glandular. 
The  Ijark  of  the  trunk  is  rough  and  divided,  the  twigs  smooth 
and  shining,  of  a  yellowish  brown.     The  leaves,  at  first  green 
on   both    surfaces,  arc,    before   expansion,  clothed   with   long, 
brown,  loose,  parallel  hairs,  which  disappear  with  the  progress 
of  their  growth ;  at  length  they  become  silvery  and  glaucous 
beneath  :   they  are  finely  serrulated,  acute  at  l)oth       tremities, 
witli  the  points  very  nmch  attenuated.     The  stipules  are  semi- 
circular and  broad,   serrulated    on    the   margin.     The  llowers 
come  out  with  the  expandii'g  leaves  from  lateral  buds,  con- 
taining, in  the  male,  also  two  or  three  leaves,  so  that  the  cat- 
kin appears  as  a  peduncuhvted  spike.     The  stamens  are  very 
long,  from   five  to  nine  in  a  scale,  with  filaments  which   are 
hairy  toward  the  base,  and,  as  well  as  the  hairy,  broad,  cuneate, 
serrated  scales,  are  of  a  bright,  golden  yellow. 

The  fennde  plant,  at  tlie  time  of  llowering,  appears  to  have 
smaller  leaves  than  the  male,  and  those  on  the  branches  which 
liear  the  catkin  are  green  on  both  surfiices  for  a  considerable 
time;  they  are  also  but  little  acuminated;  five  or  six  leaves, 
with  tlieir  appropriate  stipules,  grow  out  on  tlie  same  branch, 
which  terminates  in  a  female  spike.     The  scales  hi  liit  catkin 


7  (5  L  o  N  (}  - 1.  K  A  V  E  D    W  I  L  L  0  W. 

„r  spiko  are  oblong  or  lauce-obloug,  and  less  hairy  than  in  tho 
Htaniiniforons  catkin.  The  germ  is  laneeola'e.  i.e.lieellate,  and 
smooth,  acuminated,  and  terminate.l  by  a  short,  bifi.l  style,  with 
two  pubescent,  billd  stigmas.  The  capsule  is  likewise  smooth, 
and  contains  seeds  with  a  very  l.mg  pappus,  as  abundant  almost 
lis  on  a  seed  of  cotton. 

The  wood  is  whitish  and  close-grained,  and  might  i)robal)ly 
be  employed  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  tlie  White  Poplar, 
but  the  nearly  uninhal/ited  state  of  the  country  in  Oregon 
prevents  the  possiljility  of  making  any  useful  experiments.  As 
an  ornamental  and  hardy  tree,  however,  it  stands  pre-eminent 
among  all  its  fraternity,  and  well  deserves  to  be  introduced  into 
pleasure-grounds,  where  it  would  be  perfectly  hardy  as  far 
;iorth  as  New  York,  or  in  any  part  of  Great  Britain. 

PLATE  XVII. 

•1  /.•;,/  .,nl  In.f  of  (l.r  >,nl,md  .izr.  a.  Thr  J,  mak  r.fl.in.  h.  The  male 
r.,ikn,.  r.  The  male  jloarr  ami  6ralc  uf  the  calkin,  d.  The  o^,ni  cap- 
mde. 


>    ':!> 


N 


> 


S:ili\  |iciit:iiulfa  . 


I 


I.OXa-LEAYED   BAY   WILLOW. 

SaI.IX     l'i:\'l',\Milt.A.       /•m//V.<    I //<'yi//i'/x    (trilinilnilis    srrrit/i.-J    iilolin!<,    julnJi^ 
.■<(iiii  rue   ill'tiiililhisi.1,    (lllliiili.1   .'<i  ralilii.'!  jiciil'liKlri-i,  f/triniliiliils   liinrKilnl'S 

ill,il,i-:s. — Wii.i.i).,  Sp.  \<\.  I.  c.     Aaiii..,  ill   Kldiii  Diiiiicu,  tall.  lU:?. 

lldST.,  Sal.  Austr.  1,  t.  1,  f.  2.     Kiij,'.  lint.,  t.  ISO.l 
Sai.ix  rKN'i'ANiiiiA.     Fdliis  srtrdli-i  (/I'llirln,  JlnriliHs  jiiiiliniiln.i. — Linn., 

Unit.  ClillniM.,  II.  WA,  ct  Sp.  jil.,  ji.  144.     Floni  Laiiimnica,  \>.  :!TI), 

t.  H,  I'lii.  3.     Omki.in,  Flora  Siiiiiiia,  vol.  i.,  \).  l.Vi,  t.  :i4,  lii?.  1. 
Siilix  J'ldii.^  (/Idhri.i,  onilo-laiirctihill.s ;  piliuHs  f/lmHlidiji-is ;  jlorihii.i  /i.'.iv/.v/c- 

vfiiii'hii.i. — IIali.ku,  Flora  llolvetiea,  No.  1G:]I). 
S'llir  w,id,ii,a  w'ljor;  foUi^  X(/»c;/(/n.— ToruxKi'ouT,    InstitntL'n  Kci. 

llcll..,  p.  5111. 

Sdli.r  J'ljn.s  liimro  .<-Vc  (ah  ;/!'ihro  ndnr'tlu. — Rail,  Hist.,  p.  HM. 
Sam.k  1'i;.\tanii'!A,  ,5  caiuata.     Folil.s  hnKjisslnw  arainiiKilin  (ttlcnidilis; 
roiiinli.'<jUdh)viliii.-<  hii\-<(di-<;  cdjisidl-i  rdijnliKsi.s  ojidci 

"We  mot  with  this  spuoios,  hitherto  ^vliolly  European,  in  the 
very  centre  oi'  the  N(jrth  Aniericiin  Continent,  liy  streams  in 
tlie  valle\s  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  toward  their  westi'rn 
sloi)e,  in  Ore.ijon,  and  also  the  Bhio  Mountains  of  the  same 
territory.  It  is  true,  the  present  variety  is  a  ronuirkahle  one. 
The  npi)ermost  leavi's  on  the  adult  branches  are  ahout  live  or 
six  inehes  lon.^;',  one-iualf  of  which  distance,  or  about  two  and  a 
lialf  to  three  inelii's,  nniy  be  considered  as  the  slope  of  the 
snnnnitand  the  point  of  the  leaf;  the  buds  and  last-developed 
lirauches  are  also  hirsute.  This  variety,  like  its  prototype, 
becomes  a  tree  lifleeu  to  twenty  feet  hii;h,  of  a  bright,  but 
)iot  deep,  and  rich  green.  The  llowers  are  fragrant,  produced 
after  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  and  the  capsules  in  our 
plant  arc  slightly  corrugated,  even  when  ripe  and  open,  and 
do  not  .shine  as  in  the  connnon  Bay  Willow.  The  leaves  have 
the  same  odorous  glands,  and  the  bark  of  the  branches  is 
smooth,  shining,  and  of  a  brownish-yellow  color.     This  tree  is 


78  W  E  S  T  E  R  N     Y  E  I,  L  0  \V     W  1  L  L  O  W. 

met  with    .»!    inoimtaiiious   situiitions   by  stroams,  in   all    tli 
iiortlierii   parts  of    J{ 
Swodcn,    Lanland 


lU'opc, 


-ill    IJritain,   France,   Swit/.(;rlaiiil, 


am 


1    tliroiidiout    Siberia   and    Rii:^sia.      Itr- 


branches  arc  too  fragile  to  b;"  employed  iiir  any  ecoiiouiical 
i)uri)ose,  and  the  wood  decrepitates  in  the  fire.  The  lea\es, 
which  are  fragrant  I'roi.i  the  resinous  glands  of  their  niargin, 
however,  I'nrnish  a  yellow  dye,  and  the  abundant  down  of  its 
seeds,  in  some  of  the  northern  countries,  is  used  with  success 
as  a  substitute  for  <M)tton,  mixed  with  a  tiiii'd  part  of  tlu;  true 
material. 

Accordiiiji  to  Loudon,  it  is  one  -jf  the  most  desirable  species 
of  the  genus  fur  planting  in  iileasure-grounds,  on  account  of 
the  fine  disiday  made  I)}'  the  blossoms,  their  abundant  fragrance, 
the  shilling,  rich,  deep  green  of  the  leaves,  and  tiie  compara- 
tively slow  growth  and  compact  habit  of  the  tree.  It  is  also 
one  of  the  lates*,  ilowering  Willows,  the  blossoms  ^ehloin  ex- 
l)anding  till  the  beginning  of  Juno. 

PLATE  XVIir. 

A  hrtiiifli  of  the  na/nnd  ace.     a.  The  ni/'sul:. 


WESTERN    YEf.LOW   AVILI.OW. 

RaI.IX     I.ITKA.        F'lln'y    iii-iilo-hiihrnhii:.^-    iiciitis    lir'ilcf    :<irn(l<llis    i/l'iliri.<, 
.■<Hjiii/i.i   hiiinlis.    iiiihiilii    prufiii-iliii.s    linriliH-''   i-i/liiif/nifci.-;    i/rniiiiiili'(.'' 

Tui:-;  i.^  a  sninllisii  arlioivsce"*  .-pecies  of  Willow,  which  in- 
Jiabits  tiie  Rock}'  Mountain  region,  nmi  jiroceeds  westward  to 
the  liiinks  of  the  Oregon,  but  is  llo^vllere  ci>mnii>ii.  It  attains 
to  tlu^  magnitude  of  a  suiail  true,  ami  at  first  glanco  appears 


^ 


St'ilix  liiira  . 


It'i'S/i'/'f/    \  vV//'H    WlltoH 


■  V/i-z/r'  Jiiitnr 


no 

///, 
ev 
til 
of 

Cll 

ar 
Ik 

re 

Vi 

tl 
111 
ii 
II 
)i 
y 
tl 


WESTERN    YELLOW    WILLOW. 


79 


iioarly  iillicd  to  tho  common  yellow-twiggi'd  Willow  (.V.  ritiJ- 
limi,)  but  it  nevor  grows  so  liirgc,  and  is,  after  tho  very  first 
evolution  of  the  leaf-buds,  perfectly  smooth,  with  none  of  those 
tnfis  of  hairs  which  in  that  species  appear  at  the  interior  base 
of  the  bud;  it  likewise  possesses  stipules,  and  bears  short,  close 
catkins,  with  smooth  capsules,  and  the  serrulations  of  the  leaves 
are  not  glandular,  indeed  scarcely  visible,  the  leaf  appearing  to 
have  a  thin  and  often  almost  entire  diaphanous  margin. 

It  is  at  the  same  time  a  very  elegant  and  distinct  species, 
remarkable  f(jr  its  smooth  bright-yellow  branches,  and  pale 
green,  rather  small,  lucid  leaves.  It  is  well  deserving  of  culti- 
vation for  the  sake  of  variety,  and  is  undoubtedly  hardy  from 
the  climate  it  inhabits.  The  leaves  are  rather  narrow,  more 
lanceolate  than  ovate,  acute,  or  somewhat  acuminate,  about  an 
inch  and  a  quarter  long,  and  less  than  half  an  inch  wide.  The 
minute  serratures  or  serrulations  are  rather  crowded,  but  very 
minute  and  shallow,  aiid  not  in  the  least  cartilaginous.  The 
voung  leaves  before  evolution  are  silky  and  white  beneath,  ..at 
the  i)ul)escence  wholly  disappears  with  their  expansion. 


PLATE   XIX. 

A  branch  of  the  mtural  si:e  uulh  faille  catldns.     a.   The  eapsule. 


HOOKER'S  WILLOW. 


Sm.ix  IIookehiana,  (Barriitt,  Mss.)    /{, 


'thh'.  rolnifilts  inihcurenlilms, 


jiiiiiiiril)H!i  <htit>c  Idiiiciiliisii-liiiiiili.i,  foia.s  Idle  ohomtis  fere  suhrotundatis 
rii/iil!iisriilis  .vi  rroli.s  ninri/iiie  jilniiis  fiijira  ('tdiilli.'')  nudlHSculls  sulitiia 
(')nitnhi.'io-liii(((li.-',  slijiiilii  [.v(«//roc(/((^'.v,]  anifiill.'i  ci/l/iulracciii  crassis, 
f '11.(11  iiiiy  hiiii/c  (kitsiadiiii'  laiinli.%  oriiriiv  laitijc  !<lljjit<(tis  lawaihitis  ijhilKr- 
riiiiif',  ■■'I'lhi  hriciii.'iciilo,  t!li(/m(ilcs  lubis  Intfym. — lluoic,  Flor.  Vnn:  Am., 
vol.  ii.  p.  145,  t.  180. 


Tins  .small  true,  nourly  allied  to  S.  cincrca,  wo  found  of"  (?om- 
mon  occurrence  in  the  lower  i)art  of  the  territory  of  Oregon 
toward  the  .sea,  particularly  fre(|U('nt  on  the  niar^^in.s  of  ponds 
and  in  wet  place-s  near  the  outlet  of  the  Wahlaniet,  where  it 
attained  the  hei;:ht  of  eight  or  ten  I'eet.  It  was  also  found  in 
the  territoi'y  of  Hudson".-*  Bay,  near  the  Grand  IJajiids  of  the 
Saskatcdiewan,  hy  Dou<rlas.  The  leaves  arc  remarkably  ])rotean 
in  their  form,  sometimes  wholly-  soft  and  villous  on  both  sides, 
more  connnonly  so  beneath,  the  nature  of  the  pubescence  also 
varying  till  it  at  times  reseud)h's  in  appearance  and  to  the  touch 
the  most  Ijrilliant  velvet;  the  old  leaves  are  generally  obovate, 
smooth  and  sliining  above,  often  nearly  .so  beneath,  and  tiien  of 


a  bluish-"reen  or  glaucous  In 


tl 


lev  are,  moreover,  lioih  acute 


and  olituse,  sometimes  even  rianided  at  the  extremit\ 


uid  are 


icnerallv  anion 


ir  the  larirest.  or  at  least  widt'st,  oi"  Willow  leave 


The  sti])u]es  on  some   branches  are  very  conspiciKais,  circular, 

nts  are  extremely  jiilose  in   an 


iiid   serrated 


'J"i 


ih 


le   mal(>   ame 


early  stage,  as  in  our  A',  cuii'ifi ni,  to  which  this  species  m;ikes 
some  approach;  the  stamens  are  two  to  each  scale.  The  cap- 
sule is  ovate-lanceolate  iind  veiy  smooth,  the  style  elongated, 
and  tlie  stigmas  two  and    imlivided. 

The   twigs  of  this  species  are   llexible,  but   the   wood   is  too 
80 


15  L  U  X  T-L  E  A  V  E  D    W  I  h  L  0  W. 


81 


Kiiiiill  for  almost  any  oconoinioal  cmplojnicnt.  TIic  old  wood  of 
th<!  trunk  oC  S.  aiprea  or  the  Sallow,  so  much  liko  tliu  present 
species,  is  much  esteemed  by  wood-turners. 


BLUXT-LEAVED   WILLOW. 

8aI.IX  FLAVKSCKXS.  JuiIUs  (iIkiI-hI!.^  ."Illilnncfuhtlifi  Jl(ir(sfin(c  lunli^ihu'ix 
iiiliiji-iii  diiiiiiiii  (jhdiris,  .k/IjiiiIi's  j)iirnili.s  giil/i<iiiiir(inl((/:s  dt n/ii-nliilis, 
aiihiili/i  prcLcodbiu^,  iVjiaidiii  lunwAatis  scriciv-piiliisccitliljas,  .ylii/iiKilibii.'i 

We  mot  with  this  shrnijhy  species  in  the  range  of  tlie  Eocky 
Mountains,  and  we  are  doul)tl'ul  if  it  is  not  also  an  inhahitant 
of  Europe.  It  agri'os  \fry  ncai'ly  with  the  Obtuse-leaved 
AVillow  of  Willdenow,  {S.  (jhtusi/olia,)  of  which  we  have  seen 
no  specimens,  and  which  is  apparently  a  very  obscure  species, 
said  to  be  a  native  of  the  Lapland  AIjjs.  Ours  is  a  large  shrub, 
with  much  of  the  aspect  and  general  character  of  the  firay 
Will 
Will 


ow,  wliich  is  indeed  the  typo  of  a  group  of  kindred 
ows.  For  a  good  while  the  leaves  still  ronniin  downy,  pai-- 
tii'ularly  on  the  under  surface,  which  is  tinged  also  with  jjalo 
yellow.  The  leaves,  wlien  old,  are  about  one  and  a  half  inches 
long,  three-rpiartors  of  an  imdi  wide  or  more,  wedge-shaped  at 


lanceolate,   quite   smooth,    entire    ap- 


t!ie    base,    obovato    or   ol) 

parently,  yet  the  stipules  are  denticulate.      The  branches  an 

br 


own 


or  dark  puride.  The  catkins  are  short  and  cylindric, 
the  scales  blackish,  hairy,  and  obtuse,  the  capsules  white  and 
silky;  the  stylo  is  distinct,  and  the  four  stignuis  long  and 
pubescent. 


V.ii,.   IV.— c 


POXD   WILLOW. 

S.\r,ix  STAfiNALis.  FdVls  ohhni'in-hi'nccuhUs  ohtiisia  ink(in-rmns  han 
ciiiiKttis  siililds  jmhcsccnlihus,  stipuUs  milUs,  amtnlis  cuahituli,  cdpaalis 
lanccolali.s  wuhiiiiatis  saiccis,  squamis  sublanccohitis. 

This  is  another  sjiccios  iiidiiicnoiis  to  tho  hanks  of  tlio  Oregon, 
related  to  the  same  section  ^vitil  the  hist.  The  twigs  are  dark 
brown  and  sk'nih-r,  and  tlie  leaves  scattered  beneath  vitii  a 
niinnto  brown  ])iil)eseence,  which  oonnmniicates  a  somewhat 
rusty  appearance  to  tlie  k-aves;  they  are  about  one  and  a  Indf 
inelies  long  and  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide;  in 
the  bud  tlie}'  ai'(?  covered  with  long  silky  hairs.  The  capsules 
are  remarkable  for  their  great  attenuat'  m  and  length;  the  scales 
of  the  anient  are  oljlong-laneeolate  •  d  hairy.  We  have  not 
seen  the  male  plant,  and  our  account  is  therefore  iinperHjct. 


VELVET   WILLOW. 

Salix  cuxdata.  Fiili'is  hinciuhilix  chhnujisrc  apicc  .vihucrrtihids  arnlin, 
hasi  enncatis  rjlnhris  .vthlns  hnlnacrlnin,  slipiiUn  wbiutis  yhrixqiir  )»illis\ 
nmcvtiK  cowhtncis  dongalis,  capsulis  ovatts  scriccis,  stiyiiiiililnis  hm-^lmf! 

This  l)eautiful  Willow  wo  found  growing  in  clumps  near  the 
rocky  margin  of  the  Oregon  nt  its  confluence  witli  the  Wahia- 
met,  attaining  the  height  of  six  or  eight  feet.  The  branches 
are  slender,  and,  according  to  their  age,  vary  much  in  appear- 
aiKie,  at  first  villous  and  down}-,  but  at  a  later  period  bit)wn, 
and  sometimes  ipiite  blue,  with  a  glaucous  bloom.     Tiu;  leaves. 


WESTERN    roNl)    WILLOW. 


83 


with  tlicir  .sliort  iK'tiolos,  mciiHiire  about  two  iiiclK>s,  ami  arc 
about  liull"  an  iucli  wide,  pubescont  abovo,  at  Icniitli  nearly 
suiootb,  and  deep  groon,  but  always  clad  boiu'atii  with  a  whitifih 
closo  tomoatum,  producing  all  the  brilliant  display  of  the  finest 
velvet.  The  male  flowers  we  have  not  seen.  The  fennde  cat- 
kins are  rather  long,  loose,  and  subcylindric,  often  accompanied 
at  the  base  by  two  or  three  leaves,  and  come  out  when  the 
leaves  are  considerably  grown.  Tlie  capsules  are  silky,  short, 
ovate,  and  acute;  the  style  short,  and  the  stigmas  four  and 
smooth.  The  scales  of  the  catkin  are  brown  and  oval,  some- 
what hairy,  and  nuich  shoiter  than  the  capsules.  In  the 
narrow-leaved  varieties,  the  leaves  ai)pear  almost  wholly  entire. 
The  broader-leaved  i)lants  bear  some  resemblance  to  the  CJrav 
AVillow,  but  the  serrulations  are  minute  and  the  stipules  very 
small,  or  wliolly  wanting. 


WESTERN   POND   WILLOAV. 


Salix  MACiiocAiu'A.  Fuliis  lanccohdii  amjushdis  ftihinliijirriniis  iilrimjitc 
anit'iti  fidnirmiiinalifs  dcnnnn  r/lnbri--^  .sithliis  (jhaicis,  .slipidi.i  uh.^dhlis, 
aiiicidis  fiKiliincis  (liaiulris,  atpsull.s  rr.nlru'u.'^ifi  caiidali^  ifhibritifcidis 
jicdiccUutis,  fli(/iii(itd)iis  fiditicfiillliitii  'jH'idrijidid. 

This  species,  like  our  Pond  Willow  {S.  i/risai.)  to  which  it  is 
closely  related,  is  found  forming  cluui[)s  in  wet  jilaces  where 
the  water  is  stagiuiut, — situations  which  it  always  .'icems  to 
prefer  to  the  banks  of  running  streams.  It  attains  the  height 
of  three  or  four  feet.  Tlie  branches  are  smootii  and  brownish 
black,  sometimes  glaucous  or  whitish.  The  leaves  (about  two 
to  three  inches  long  and  half  an  inch  wide)  are  at  first  covered 
with  a  browni.sh  silky  down  which  disappears  with  age,  when 


84 


SOFT-IiK  AV  K  1)    W  1  L  I.  ()  W. 


they  bei'oiiio  dnrk  jirccii  aiic]  bluisli  white,  of  j'liiiii'oiis  he- 
iii'utli;  (hey  iirc  iisimlly  very  aciitc,  and  mostly  ciitiiv.  The 
catkiiiH  are  small  and  oMon;.'.  with  two  or  thi'ee  li'uves  at  the 
base  of  the  iietliocl ;  the  scales  of  the  stamens  an;  small  and 
hlaekish,  oval  and  obtnse,  somewhat  hairy.  The  female  aments 
havo  very  short  pedicels,  and  ]irodneo  at  the  li:'-o  about  two 
li'aves;  the  scales  are  narrow  d  linear;  the  cajisnles  pi'diuid- 
lated,  somewhat  villous,  but  at  k'ngtli  nearly  smooth,  ventricosu- 
lanceolate,  with  long  i)oints,  and  nearly  sessile  stigmas. 


SOFT-LEAYED   WILLOW. 


SaMX   SKSSIT.IFOr.IA.      F<iU(S   hi 


nliifi: 


i.s  .ycssililiHs  in'iili.t.siiiii.s  niiii'c  .v^/y.vcc- 


ridnfis  (vV/i/.v/.v  iiudli/jii.^;  !</iimll.'i  nidll.s,  aiiniiUs  sirnlinls  iliandr 


"I 

Hhlirt   h 


,lu 


'annllt 


nip. 


'ills   III 


i/'iH.s  kniiiiuililjKs ;  f/rniiii)i 

ijldbrk,  ffli/lo  jimfdndc  bipur/ila  iftli/inatdjit.i  b'Jidls 


'thills  ihiicnn  fidi- 


Tiiis   beautiful   and  very  distinct  species  of  Willow  1 


lormei 


1 

dense   tufts  on    the  rocUy  Ijorders  of  the  Ori'gon,  at  the  eon- 
fluence  of  the  Wahhunet.  attaining  to  the  heiglit  of  about  six 


to  eight  feet,  and  win 


11 


n  HI  llower  appeared  as  sliowy  as  a 


sir 


Mi- 


mosa. It  is  remarkably  leafy,  and  the  leaves  ai'e  hoary,  with  a 
rather  long  and  somewhat  copious  jmbescenee,  which  eonuiui- 
nicates  a  softness  to  the  touch  euual  to  that  of  velvet ;  whether 


the  1( 


d'terward  Ijeconii'  more  smooth  or  not  1  canufit  say. 


but  think  it  probable.  Ditlerent  from  almost  every  other  Wil- 
low I  havi^  sce)i,  the  catkins  each  terminate  so  many  small, 
lealy  branches  about  two  inches  long,  exclusive  of  the  catkin 
or  spike,  which  is  itself  about  one  and  a  half  inches,  in  both 
sexes  attenuated  at  the  base;  these  brancldets,  as  well  as  the 
leaves,  are  whitish,  with  soft  hairs,  particularly  the  former,  but 


IMIOSTU  ATE     AY  I  L  LOW. 


85 


Htill  the  ;,'rcpii  color  of  tlic  k'iif  prcdoniiiiatas;  (ho  points  of  tlu- 
k'iivi's  lire   .sonii-wliiit  ri>;iil,   sliiirply  ucuto,   and,   uiilik(!   nio.xt 


otluT  species,  they  uve 


destitute  of  petioU's  or  footstalks;  the 


S{ 


ales  of  the  anient  are  oval  and  unusually  conspicuous,  nion 


()    to 


hairy  in  the  staminifcrous  flower.  The  stamens  ii-- 
ii  scale.  The  capsule  is  pul)escent  and  lanceolate,  at  Iciifjth 
nearly  smooth;  the  stigmas  four,  and  ratlier  long.  No  ves- 
tiges of  stipules  ajjpcar  in  any  of  our  numerous  specimens;  the 
older  hranches  are  dark  hrown. 

It  is  dillicult  to  decide  on  the  afTinitirs  of  this  very  distinct 
hich  at  a  little  distance  rescmhles  a  Piulni  or  hiifi>- 


les,  ^v 


spec 

ilnidfoii,  the  leaves  heing  e(iually  gray  and  silvery,  w  itli  soft 
hairs,  which  are  so  eciually  distrihutcd  on  either  surface  as  to 
ohliterate  the  presence  of  the  veins  and  render  lioth  surfaces 
almost  similar.  It  a])pears,  in  some  respects,  to  reseinl)h! 
,S'.  ,trrwn-iii,  the  Sand  Willow,  hut  thi;  late  appearance  of  the 
uments  and  their  remarkahle  disproportion  are  almost  without 
a  parallel. 


rilOSTRATE   WILLOW. 

SaI.IX  IIHACIIVCAUI'A.  F'><''i>:  (irnli.<  hnirinhit'iard  iWllH-i  sillisi.--.--i'l!/ii/-i  llllc- 
qiirimis  (•(■;i('rco-/)/if/)i'wv/(///<".v  .■^ulilns  iiicdiinrHhisIs,  sllpiili''  iinlli'.-\  anii-ii- 
lis  coivtiiiKls  ///•,  (■/7»^^■  i/l.iiihnili'.^,  i;iji.<iili.i  uruli--  ulihiri-hitis  tit)iuiiii>si<, 
.•^■lii/iii'ililiiis  .v((/y.sc,v.>' ////<"■•■■. 

This  singular  prostrate  and  dwarf  Willow  we  nu^f  witli  in 
(he  Kocky  Mountain  range,  on  tlie  horders  of  ]?ear  lliver.  a 
.•lear.  rapid  Iirook  cutting  ils  way  through  hasaltic  dikes  to  tiie 
curious  lake  of  Timpanogos.  in  New  Mexico.  This  locality  is 
likewise  famous  for  the  numerous  selt/er  s])rings,  so  strongly 
impregnated   with  carbonic   acid   as    to  sparkle   and   ellervesce 


Si! 


riloSTK  ATE     WILLOW. 


lil<('  clifinii)nj:ni'.     Oiii'  ImiilorH  (uilled  tliciu  tlif  '■  Mccr  Spring 


tllK 


I.  r< 


il   (l:i\'   ill) 


il  a  liiilC  that   we 


it  at    this   iiioiiKiiiili 


lilac.'i',  tilt'  watci's  all'onU'd  us  a  most  tlclicious  tivat  (liirin;^  tlio 


warm  wcatlicr,  in 


th 


th 


I 


ind  plains.     In  an  open,  niar>]iy  situa- 


tion, (lu  the  margin  of  tlu;  rivor-lori'st,  jjrew  an  ahiiiKlancc  of 
tiiis  cMiri(jiis,  (k'prc'SSL'd,  and  hoary  shrub,  wliicli  has  soiiicwhat 
till'  aspect  ul"  the  European  Sand  Willow,  (.V.  niriinriK ;)  Imt  il 
is  much  molt'  dwarf,  with  the  leaves  smaller  and  alwa\s  hoaiy 
with  puhesceiice.  The  .stem  hraiiehes  Irom  the  base,  only  rising 
four  or  five  inches  above  the  surface  of  the  earth,  but  with 
many  diffuse,  tough,  woody  branches,  which  spread  out  into  a 
circle  of  a  foot  or  more.  The  root-stock  is  woody  and  thick; 
the  branches  full  of  cicatrices,  pubescent,  but  brown  beneath, 
thickly  covered  with  small  leaves,  which  in  some  phints  are 
elliptic-ovate,  in  others  oblong-hmceohite,  all  very  entire,  nearly 


ite,  from   half  an   iiicli   to 


sessile,  and  acute,  iroiii  liall  an  null  to  an  inch  long,  about 
three  lines  \vide;  above  always  gray  with  pubescence,  but 
beneath  rather  whitely  villous ;  some  t)f  tlie  lowest  small 
leaves  are  smooth  on  the  ujiper  suil'aci'.  There  are  no  stipules 
in  any  of  my  specimens.  The  male  llowers  I  have  n(^t  seen. 
Tiio  fertile  catkins  are  short  and  somewdiat  clustered,  not 
eylindric,  few-flowered,  the  capsules  oldong-lanceolate,  and 
short,  villou.s,   with    apprcssed   hairs,   not  densely  h 


uuiinious, 


as  m  is.  (irciiiu'ui^ 
short  stignnis. 


ternrnated  by  a  short,  slender  style  and  four 


I', 

I'O 

ly 
lit 

lit 

ill 

cs 
11. 

ot 

id 

IS, 

ur 


SILVI 


S.AI.IX  AiuiornYLLA. 

r/;/(/<  ulriiiijiic  oryt 
(Iris,  {•(ipsiiVs  c'dlost 

l.v  uiir  dcvimis  ) 

Olio  of  the,  briinc! 

its  juiK'tion   witli 

\vitli  ii  licit  (if  fori 

iiiliivi:il    iKitinv,   t 

apiicinvd  no  brcal 

sliot  thronirh  n  <1«'' 

rocks.     Wc  'Ic-. 

nioiig    its   iubstnic 

iiIohl;  tiic  m!ir;riiii 

without    any  ct'Si- 

iKiilftl   with    siitis: 

almost  cov«?5K'd  b; 

uiicf.  which  provi 

tidii.  a  very  enr-.j 

Mock    OraiiL'o,    (i 

spiciioiis  vejictalli 

Ahiiis.    (-1.  Ori'(io. 

the  Long-leaved 

villi  ])hiin  and  the 

This  sjiecioH  b( 

in  heidit.  as  silve 

the   branches  are 

hairs.     Tiie  leave 

shining,  silk}'  do 

hide  the    >  eins  a 

without   luoi-italk 


SILYER-LEAYED   WILLOW. 


S.M.ix  AKii'irn\Li.A.     FiiUls  Uhiiiri-mhhtnrcijIiiUft  aoulls  S('.-<!<(ll/)i(.s  inlcf/ir 
riiii's  iilrliiqiit'  arijcnko-xcriceis,  M'qndis  ol/soldi^,  amcnils  scrolini.^  d'uiti- 

iln^,  riipsilli'i  villiisis  Idllt'Ojldlis. 

In  our  (Ic'vidiis  pnigvcss  tn  llir  West,  we  at  loii.titli  niiproachod 
one  of  the  liianclu's  lA'  tin'  Orc.iioii,  tlie  rivci'  Boisi'o,  tiiwaril 
ils  jiiiH-tioii  with  tlie  Slioshoncc ;  its  Iwiik.s  wore  imt  IViiigcd 
with  11  helt  of  forest,  Init  >o  stripped  oi'  every  chiinicter  of  tin 
iiihivial  nature,  tiiat  when  we  suddenly  approached  it  there 
appeared  no  hreak  in  the  phiin,  and  tlu;  clear  and  rapid  flood 
shot  throuirh  a  deep,  p.rpendicidar  cluism  of  rolunniiir  hasaltic 
ro-'ks.  We  dex-i-nded  toward  its  Iti'ink  and  pursued  our  jiatli 
along  its  «»I>trncted  hanks,  clind)ing  ov<'r  fearful  rocks  and 
along  tliC  mjirgins  t)f  impending  precipices :  night  approached 
without  any  cvsKation  of  our  incessant  toil.  At  length  we 
hailed  with  siitisfartion  a  small  portion  of  the  river-huttoni, 
almost  covieu'd  by  hJA  Ijushes  of  a  reniarkahle.  silvery  appear- 
ance, which  proved  t,(  }je  the  suhject  of  our  pn'seiit  exaniiniv- 
ti(m,  a  very  ciiri^iu:!  species  ot  Willow,  which,  with  a  kind  of 
Mock  Orange,  {PhntHMplms.)  conijiosed  nearly  all  the  con- 
sjiicuous  vcLii-tation  ut'  till-  stei'iie  cliasni.  At  length  our  new 
Alnus.  (.1.  Ofi'i/niKi.)  the  5f arrow-leaved  IJalsiun  Poplar,  and 
the  Long-leaved  tree  Willow,  gave  oviden(;e  of  an  ample,  allu- 
vial plain  and  the  pro^^inlit_^   "i'  the  Great  Shosiiont'c. 

This  spi'cies  lieco«m»»^  a  i«i«rtil  t»>(>  from  twdxc  to  fifteen  I'cet 
in  height,  as  sii\i-rv  aH«*  white  as  tlii'  /(»'.,</,/,///■,,„  nn/i nf'  nm  ; 
the  branches  are  brown,  but  tlie  twigs  are  hoary  with  vil!.)Us 
hairs.  Tiie  leaves  are  very  much  crowded,  soft,  with  wliitish, 
fihining.  silky  down,  so  almiuiant  on  I'ither  side  as  wholl}*  to 
liide  tlie  'ins  and  iieail_\  (he  midrib;  thiy  are  also  nearly 
without    li)ni-<taiks,  entire  on   tli**   nu»r;rin.  vi'  a  narrow,  linear 

87 


88  LONMf-Sl'l  KE  1)     WILLOW. 

outline  and  sliiirply  aciito,  with  a  distinct,  bri.^tly  point,  ono 
and  a  liali"  to  two  inclifs  loni^-.  and  only  aljout  tln'ce  lini'.s  wide. 
Stipules  small  and  linear,  seldom  seen.  The  ament.s  come  out 
late  with  the  leaves,  and  the  liower-hrunches  pi"oduco  from  four 
to  seven  leaves.  The  male  anient  is  small  and  narrow,  with 
the  scales  hmceolate  and  villous;  the  leniale  aments  are  oblong, 
tiie  capsules  hmceolate  and  villous. 

The  wood  of  this  s[)ecies,  tliougli  .small,  js  very  white,  sniootli, 
an :'  close-grained  :  the  species  nuist  .also  he  hardy,  well  worth 
cultivatiuii',  and  would  then  proljahly  grow  to  a  considerable 
size.  We  jierceivc  no  allinity  tliat  this  species  bears,  I'xcept 
perhaps  to  the  S.  (iii'jaxlij'iliii  of  the  borders  of  the  Caspian, 
from  which  at  the  si'me  time  it  is  probably  very  distinct. 

rL.VTK  .\.\. 

A  hi-iiiK-h  (;/'  //(('  iiiiini'al  a/ci'.     a.  Tlic  male  cidkin.     Ii.  Tin:  ciiii.'<idc. 


L(L\(.l-SlMlvKD    WILLOW 


iSai.ix  riiACRosTAi'HYA.     F"lits  loioiri-.i'iid'nx', (liih's  ilom/iilis  rrmnfr  sirrn- 
liili^  iiiiifi.i  >tiriiiijiii   tir'iiii/ii-sirli'i!.i,i<llj>iilts  !>^miuriili,-<  ifuri(ftii.<i,  ununfi.^ 

/'///(//.v.>7';/(<V  ylCir''"v7M«s.  Ciljisilli.-'  Iilli'iiilfllls  iltmitlll  (/IHAf^'l.'^i'llis, 

Wk  met  w:rh  mis  species  spiriiiily  'n  Hk*  hanks  of  tin' 
Oregon.  It  l«'ars  strong  rcAMublftncf  ro  th«'  hi.Nt.  without, 
liowover.  Ijein-:  any  waj>  iniiraately  wWit'ii  to  it.  It  forms  a 
.slender  Inish.  reiuarkiible  tin  its  -^iyilh  an»l  silvery  pubescence, 
which  apiH'ars  as  soft  and  glo.ss^  Ji?ivel\el:  the  twigs  are  i»>so 
])nl)escent.  The  li'aves  are  two  to  tiuve  inches  lorn:,  two  or 
three  lim  -  wiiii'.  distiiuth- .>;>  rruliitrd.  and  neai'h    sessile,  witU 


R  I  \  E  H     W  1  T.  T,  O  W, 


81) 


till'  \oiiis  ronsiiii'iioiis  tlir  n,u'li  tlu'  ])iil)t'S('ciic('.  Tlic  fcinalc 
I'utkiiis,  with  tlu'ir  jK'diiiiclcs,  are  tliive  or  iuiir  iiiclies  in  Icnj^tli; 
till-  (Mpsiili's  iiro  nearly  sessile,  and  at  lengtli  hnt  slifihtly  [)ni)es- 
( rnt.  In  this  species  tiiere  are  distinet  stipnle.s  on  the  younj^' 
Inanclies. 


KIYEll    A\  ILLOW. 

S.M.IX    FLIIVIATIMS.       Fo/(V.v  /('/ii  i/W/xM   tdri)li/IIC  iicidiliicilis,   KillildHi'i'iildli-' 

xjiiindo.so-si  rnifin  ihiiunn   f/lnltri-i   foiii-nloriliii.^,   sli/ndi.s   niillis,  tiiiuii/i.i 

Hi  rulillfS  j){(/llllcil((lli.'<  I'illiisi.i  lUdllllri-^,  ■■<i/lliliiii.s  ol/lniiijl-^,  JfU'til/llfi  luiirCn- 
luli.^-  i/ldl/ris  paUi'tUdtis,  .■i/liJIiKlliliiis  .^i..^\^(t!li(ls. 

This  s[)ecies  lines  the  innnediate  linnier  of  the  ()rei;i)n,  a  little 
l;eln\v  its  coniliience  with  the  Wahlaniet,  attaininii'  the  hei,Liht. 
of  ahont  six  I'eet  or  more.  We  helieve  this  i.s  also  the  same 
Willow  that  wc  mistook  I'or  the  Long-leaved  species  of  Pnrsh 
and  Mnhlenberg,  {Solii-  /(nii/i/n/io,)  which  so  commonly  lines  the 
hanks  of  the  Missonri  and  Misslssijipi,  and  whicii  often  Ibi'ms 
the  exclusive  growth  of  the  suuili  islands  and  sandbars,  prepar- 
ing these  waters,  recovered  from  the  ll(W)d,  I'or  a  superior  growth 
of  trees;  and  they  are  also  aecompanii'd  and  succeeded  commonly 
liy  the  Cottonwood  (Pnj>iihi.s  f'<ni'ii/i nsi.i.)  We  met  with  tiiis 
species  likewise  on  the  hanks  of  Lewis  IJiver  of  the  Shoshonce, 
acconn)anying  our  Long-leaved  Willow,  both  of  whicli  eontinnt^ 
almost  uninterruj)tedly  to  occupy  the  banks  and  liars  of  all  the 
Western  streams  to  the  Oregon,  and  proceed  along  that  river  to 
the  bordfi-s  of  the  I'acifii'. 

In  this  ri'iuarkably  llu\iatile  species,  the  leaves  of  the  very 
young  plants  are  somewhat  j)innatilid,  and  at  all  times  the 
seriiituri's.  rather  distant,  are  sinuated  and  very  sharp  or  spinu- 
losely  acute.  The  bi'anches  are  brownish  and  very  full  of  lea\-es. 
'I'hi'  leaves,  two  to  three  inehi's  long.  n\v  seldom  moi'e  than  two 

IV      li' 


00 


SLENDER     W  ILLO  \V. 


linos  wide,  except  in  the  youn,!;'  slioots,  ^vlicn  tlicy  iiiv  t\vic(! 
that  l)roiultli.  'i'iic  In'iuiciii's  producinj;-  tlii'  mule  llowers  are  as 
(<liurt  as  usnal,  hearing  only  three  or  I'onr  small  leaves;  the  cat- 
kins are  narrow,  solitary,  and  rather  sliort.  aiid  come  ont  with 
the  opening  of  the  leaves.  In  the  I'ennde  plant  the  inllorescencu 
is  similar  with  that  of  the  male;  hnt  there  is  also  produced  a 
later  growth  t)f  catkins,  which  terminate  proper  divided  liranch- 
lets.  The  scales  of  the  f(.'nKde  catkin  are  oblong  and  densely 
heardeil  lielow;  the  germ  is  smooth,  with  11  im' sessile  stigmas  as 
in  iS.  luiiiji/iiltii.  The  young  leaves  are  at  Hrst  somewhat  hoary 
and  pnhescent,  with  minute  hairs;  the  young  plants  have  also 
often  (luhi'scent  Hiliage. 

AVe  havi'  met  with  the  ,S'<i/Ij-  loiK/i/o/iK  on  the  banks  of  the 
Arkansas,  and  it  greatly  I'esemlijes  tlie  present  specii'S,  but  differs 
in  j)rodueing  distinct  stipules,  in  the  minute  serratures,  and 
above  all  in  the  pidiescent  capsule  and  elongation  of  the  catkin. 
The  leaves  are  also  generally  broader,  and  it  is  said  to  grow  oidy 
about  two  feet  high. 


SLEXDEll    WILLOW. 

Sai.tx  K.Niin'A.      Fflii's  liihitriliiifi  iilriii'i>ic  nrtitis  si()iiitliijirrii»ix  nrricii--', 

^fijiiillx   itillli.'-,   aim  litis  Sil'iilini'f   tluili/dlis,    ctijisiil's   Idnnnldlis   Si'Si^ilihils^ 

li  iiiiiiii  iiiiJiiiscidi.-i. 

This  species  is  also  a  nati\('  of  the  Territory-  of  Oregnn.  and 
grew  with  th(>  preceding,  which  it  strongly  resendjles:  it  is, 
however,  a  smaller  species;  with  still  narrower  leaves,  at  all 
times  more  or  less  gray  and  silky;  the  serrulations  are  mostly 
wanting,  though  very  minute  ones  are  sometimes  seen  :  (lie 
cai)snles  are  smaller,  and  not  pedicellated.  The  mali'  [ihuit  I 
have  not  seen.     The  branches  are  reddish  brown  and  snuioth. 


I{0UX1)-lkam:i)  amllow. 


4 

1 


S.\Lix  U()TUM)iriii,i.\.      luJii.t  i<iilir()>iiiiiliM  or(ilif--rc  laiiiiilissinii'  utrrnluli'* 

I'll  iii/it/ri'ilsciili':   iilrili'/in    (/liilir>-i  CnUfdhn'iliUS,  jtilinHs  i-iiilillliniilijiil'i.'<is, 
.-tl^liiilis  iiiti.riiiii.-:  ililiiliitn-i  iii'(litti.i  nil  iiilir'liiare'''i//iiiiiliilii.<{/-.--i  n'lili'',  min  iihs 
ii'ii/iiiidd  iliiuidrts  Idnuijiii'ixl-t,  (■iijitiiili.t  </liiliri--  Iniiixuliitis,  .-ili/lis  i /.,((//')//.<. 
^i  OVATA.      J-'u(i'is  orali.'i  (irilli.i  ilctisi'  wrrnl'ili.^. 

This  (l\v;ii-faii(l  ri'innrkiil)k>  ."pocicn  of  Willnw,  attaiiiiiii;'  iilMnit 
two  I'cct  ill  liciijlit,  was  obtained  in  tlio  gorjic  of  a  \<>i\y  aljiinu 
rasiiir.  tliri)ii;;li  wliich  we  fruitlessly  cndeavoivd  to  jiass.  It  was 
ill  till'  moll  til  of. I  Illy,  anil  the  [lerpetual  snows  wliirli  still  cox  en 'd 
tiie  iiiouiitains  niii!L:leil  tlieiroutliiie  with  the  slvies.  On  tiie  skirt 
ul'  this  iivliil  reiiioii  j;i'ew  our  present  snhjeet.  AVo  named  this 
S'-ene  of  (oil  and  (lisa|iiiointnieiit  TliornlMiiyhs  Pass,  (or  ratliei' 
lasini'.  as  no  passajro  was  [iracticahle,)  from  tin.  man  who  iindei- 
foolv  to  he  our  iiuiile.  It  was  ill  the  eeiilral  ehaill  of  (he  IJoclxV 
Mouiilaiiis.  and  near  (o  the  ]iass  of  the  .Shoslionei'S.  whieii  the 
li>I!owinii'  day  we  a(tained. 

AVe  know  of  no  s|)ecies  with  whieh  we  ean  eoni|iare  (Ids 
A\'illow.  The  older  hranelies  are  hi'own.  smooth,  and  full  of 
ciead'iees  left  hy  i'aves  that  have  ^rown  near  toi^cther.  tiisiny; 
the  jilant  a  stunted  appearance;  the  petioles  arc  ahon(  hall'  an 
iiieh  long,  with  the  yonni:er  hranelies  hairy;  (he  yoniificr  leaves 
are  also  somewhat  so  on  the  niidiih.  The  leaves  are  near!}' 
round.  I'roni  one  ;nid  a  half  (o  three  inelies  wide,  and  ahoiU  (he 
same  in  leiinlh.  (liouLih  some  of  the  latei-prodiieed  leaves  are 
o\aIe  and  someliinis  e\en  aeii:-  ;  ho(h  sides  are  eipially  ureeii, 
the  marjiin  in  the  ovale  haves  elegantly  and  very  closely 
.serrulated,  hut  in  (he  round  leaves  tlu'  serrnlations  are  olteii 
nearls  ol)li(ei'a(ed.  Tlu'  sdiades  are  \ei'y  laiye.  wide,  and  heart- 
shaped,  linely  serrated  with  ,i;Iandidar  points;  at  len;;(li  they 
become  inembranaeeons  and  tlecidiions.  The  male  aineiits  are 
ubloiiL',  lai'i^c.  and  sessile,  the  scales  blackish  and  mate,  piodiic- 

!i| 


02 


MIM'TH     W[Ll,(iW, 


iiiLr  pnpioiis  wliitc  Iiiiirs  loiijicr  tliiiii  tlicir  wIkiIc  k'liLi'tli;  tlic  fila- 
iiiciits  iuv  very  loiii;'.  Tlio  ruiiiMlc  aiiiciits  jii-ow  on  tliick  istiilUs, 
1111(1  liiivo  tliL'  scales  also  very  woully;  tlic  capsiiU's  arc  siiiootli 
ami  Dvato-acumiiiato;  tlic  style  is  loii^',  tcnniiiati'd  by  lutir 
sti,!j,'mas.  The  nnilr-lmru/  vsivicly  was  collected  by  the  lute  Dr. 
Gairdiicr,    uu  tbe  hills  of  tlu'  Wahlamct. 


MIXUTE   WILLOW. 

S.M.IX    NIVALIS.      I'Wiis  oriililiii.-i  .^>il,.-.ji(ll/,iilii/i.<  iiili  iji  rrhiiis  (/hif,ris  iilitii>!.^', 

,^iili/iis  ciii/ruliiriliii.-:  nliC'd'iti-'',  (iiiii  III!''  si  ml/'nis  /n  dici  Ihiiis  jimirijluri!', 
I/I niiiiiiljKs  iirnl.i.i  Kiriiu'i.i  .^1/111111111:  ijlulinr  ,v/'/Mr  hiiKjinriJiiis,  .^lii/iiinli/iiif 

Sdhsi-s.-'illhltS'. 

Salix  iiiriii:.<. — II()OKi:ii.  Fliii'.  [5i)r.  Am.,  aoI.  ii. 

This  clc^iaiit  and  Ncry  diiiiiinitiNc  shrub,  iiicrcl}-  ab.-ut  Iwu 
inches  lii.iih.  Mas  obtaiiU'd  in  the  same  al[iine  raviiu'  as  the 
roi'iiicr,  but  on  a  })laiii  eleviitcd  to  the  \<'ry  line  of  jicr[ieliial 
snow,  at  the  hcijiht  of  about  llt,OU()  feet  abo\e  the  ocean-K'vel. 
'I'lie  stems  are  smooth,  brown,  and  woody,  sending  out  \('i'y  few 
short  branches  terminated  by  scanty  tufts  of  smooth  coriaceous 
leaves,  two  or  three  lines  wide  and  about  four  liin's  long.  'J'lie 
male  plant  we  have  not  seen;  the  female  catkin  is  jirodiiei'd 
njioii  ii  pubescent  jiedicel  nearly  its  length;  the  llowcrs  are 
about  si.\-,  sessile,  and  the  sulitcndiiiu-  scales  smooth,  rctiisc,  and 


iiersiMl 


The   germ   is   short-o\ate   and   silks',  ti 


ited 


essile  or  almost  sessile  tjuadrilid  stigma, 

'i'his  s[)ecies  is  allied  to  the  tSnlix  iiii/ziil/oii/is^  but  at  tl 
ime  perfectly  distinct. 


le  same 


I'LATE  .MX. 

.1  fi  rtilc  /iliuil  iif  llii:  ludaral  iiuii/iillih/c.     <i.  A  hof.     h.  Tin  i/maif/  ccjisidc 

mill  ttf:  s<:al.c. 


r 


IM.  XXI 


Dutkv    Wllhm- 


StlljV     McllllKlpSI.S 


S-lit/f    ntiira/rr 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


O 


:/- 


A 


v.%* 
^V"^. 


M/.. 


V, 


^ 


1.0    If'-  ■ 


III 


I.I 


25 


22 


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lliiii-25  III  i.4  ill  1.6 


p:^ 


<^ 


V 


■»  t   • 


Photograpnic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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^ 


.-^o 


V 


DUSKY   WILLOW 


S.U.IX  MKI.A.NiirslS.  l-'i,li(s  lii((iiri-l'tl(Ciiiliili.^  ,<(/•/•"/'/''.>'  (jhibfis  lift.-l  iilliiiii- 
iili.<  n'.r  jidioUUi-;  ,'i/ijii/lls  imllis,  unii  nti-i  i-iiiiliiinis  iliiiiidri-^,  .^iiiiiiiiiis 
alri'lli.S  olilil.fl.-:,  I'lipsilUs  ijlillif'is  liliiriiililti.i  .silll-ii  .^siHIiil.':. 

Tins  spi'i'irs,  which  I  havt-  called  Dusky  Williiw  IVuiii  the 
dark  ai)[)caraiicc  it  assaim-s  Ui  drying,  wo  met  witli  at  our 
station  called  Fort  Hall,  in  the  jilains  of  the  liocky  31o\intains, 
on  tiie  alluvial  lands  of  Lewis  Itiver  of  tlu'  Slioshonee,  not 
growing  in  masses,  hut  scattered  over  the  hanks  of  the  river  in 
tiie  more  elevated  situations,  and  tiiere  attaining  the  magnitude 
of  a  small  tree  twelve  to  fd'teen  feet  high,  with  a  spreading 
snnniiit,  and  when  in  llower  forming  a  very  elegant  object.  It 
is  closely  ndated  to  the  Triitiiilnniy  Willnir  of  Kuroiie,  {Sii/i.c 
tfiiiiiilni.)  hnt  still  sullicieutly  distinct.  It  ne\er,  like  that 
species,  hi't'omes  a  coiisidertihle  tree,  hut  more  resembles  in  its 
nnignitndf  and  mode  of  growtii  (un*  conntion  Hlack  ^Villow, 
(,S'.  iiiijrd.)  The  wood  is  white  and  dose-graineil  as  in  that 
species:  the  3(nuig  branches  ajipear  blackish-brown  in  a  dead 
state,  and  the  young  leaves  appear  also  wvy  dark;  they  are 
aliout  an  in<'h  and  a  half  lung,  and  about  three  lines  wide, 
attenuated  at  the  base,  so  as  to  present  no  distinct  ])etiol(', 
acute  above,  with  minute  serratures;  thert!  are  no  hairs  at  'he 
ba.sc  of  the  bud.  as  in  .V.  Iriiiiii/ni.  The  male  tlowering  brancli- 
lels  are  provided  with  live  or  six  leaves;  the  catl.iiis  linear  and 
elongated,  witii  dusky  |)ubesci'nt  scales,  marked  each  with  about 
live  striatures.  The  female  catkins  are  railicr  short,  and  the 
fruit  smooth,  with  sessile  stignnis,  as  in  other  species  of  this 
paii-icul.ir  grouj). 

PLATE  .\XI. 

A  hniifli  iif  llii' iiitliinil  ■■<uc.     «.  Tin:  .^ci ill-.     Ii.  Tlnslniiuii.     r,  Thi  (/ini). 


!)4 


IJLACK     WILLOW. 


Tlic  Sai.ix  THiANKitA  ,«i)  Dearly  all'iL'd  to  tlio  prosont  spocics, 
lu'Cdiius  ii  tri'f  tliii'ty  ii'ct  liiiili,  ami  is  rr('(jiu'iitl\-  iilaiitod  in 
osier  jii'oiinds  lor  tlie  liasket-iiiaker;  but  tlie  Lest  kind  ])laiited 
fur  tills  |)iirp(>se  is  tlie  (Is'n  r.  properly  so  called,  (A',  rim  inn  lis,) 
uliicli  iiiiiilit  Li'  propagated  in  almost  evei'y  part  of  the  United 
States. 


BLACK   AVILLOW. 

Sai.ix  .mcisa,  Mii/i..  Arli..  vol.  ii.  plate  I'J'i,  (iu;.  1.  A  variety 
ol'  tliis  tree  oeeiirs  ill  Soiilli  Carolina  ami  I''l<aida.  in  uliieli  the 
leaves  lire  \illoiis  and  llii'  scales  of  the  anient  deiiseh'  laiinuiii- 
oiis.  Ill  the  heiliaiiiim  of  .Mr.  Schweinil/  it  was  marked,  on 
the  authority  ol'  Klliott,  as  a  spi'eies  A'.  Kiil>rilliis,i. 

This  tree,  a  native  of  all  the  States  from  New  Knjiland  to 
Florida,  and  west  nearly  to  the  loot  of  the  Ilocky  .Monnliiiiis,  is 
one  of  the  few  iiati\i'  spi'eies  which  Lecomes  a  tree,  attaiiiiiii^ 
tli<'  heisiht  of  lifleeii  to  twenty-live  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  tea 
to  fifteen  inches.  It  alVecIs  the  hanks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  and 
j2-enerally  j;ro\\s  near  to  the  water,  in  iiioisi.  occasionally  over- 
llowed.  situations.  In  the  wanner  jiarts  of  the  States  it  puts  on 
a  handsome  apiicarance.  partieulaily  wlu'ii  in  flower,  but  has 
(he  delect  of  bianchiiiir  almost  from  the  base,  and  leaning;-  in  a 
posture  mo,"  wild  and  pictiiresipie  than  beautiful.  It  has  ii 
dark-colored  roiiLili  bark,  and  the  braiK'lics  iiri'  lirittle  at  tlit; 
base;  the  male  calkins  coniini;  out  with  the  leaves  are  very 
eleuant,  and  attractive  and  nsefiil  to  bees.  In  the  soulliern 
parts  of  the  I'liion,  accordinjr  to  Mr.  Klliott,  the  stems  when 
Ibnnd  si  'licieiitly  large  are  employed  for  the  timbers  of  boats, 
and  are  found  to  bo  light  and  durable. 


■■ 


WHITE     WILLOW. 


Ofi 


The  WniTK  Willow  {S„t!.r  nih,,  I-iw.)  ai.i).'urs  almost  iiiitu- 
,r  the  rnitfil  Stales.     It  is  iiarticula.ly 


ra1i/t'(l  in  many  parts  ( 


al)unilant 
iKirdc'i's  oi" 


tl 


K'    we 


stern    intenitr  o 


f   New  Jersey  almi^'    tli 


tho  Walllvill.      It    Ji-n.ws  rapi-lly,  Lecoming  a  st..ut 


tree  ni  a  lew  years 


va 


unil  in   Knrope  it  is  I'oii 
li 


sidered   the  most 


hiahh-  timher  tn'e,  of  tlie  «renns;    it  i)ro«liices 


a  white,  eh 


rrained  wood,  ea[)al)h'  of  reeeiviii,i: 


a  polisli;  it  ilso  alVords  lence- 


vo< 


)d,  fuel,  and  hark  Ibr  the  tanni'r  nearly  as  ;;.)(k 


i  as  that  of 


the  Oak. 


Tl 


le   uses  o: 


numerous. 


It 


1'  WillowH  and  Willow-wood  in   Europe  are  \ery 

le-irrained,  white    wood, 


dl 


enerally   a   eiosi 


capable  of  takin;j  a  smoo 
li-ht  withal.     Tl 


th   and  e(iual   jiolish,  and  remarkably 


le  OS 


lelS  are  verv  e.xteusive 


ly  used 


of  basket-work; 

its  shade,  while  it  allbr 

(loek,  and  honey  for  the  bee,- 


uitl,  as  \'iriiil  remarks,  the  shepherd  sits  beneath 


lis   fence  for  his  field,  browsing  fur  his 


lin's,  liuiiiili'Miiii'  i;c'ie  t:i! 


Aut  illit  iHCciri  tViinili'iii,  iiia  [ki: 


■liiril 


11-  uiuliraiii 


Sufliciuiit,  sopuiii'iut'  suti.s  ft  piiliiia  im  Hi.' 


(iKnItlMCON,   II. 


M  A  G  N  ()  L  I  A. 


Xihiiui/  Oiih  r.  MacVoI.I ACi:  K.  (.russicil.)      Liinnrtiii  C/ilMx!Jir((t''un, 
I'ol.VANDIilA.   I'dl.VdYXlA. 

('ii{'/j'  (if  lliiro  (lociiluiiMs  jii't;iluiil  s('1i:i1h.  Curnllii  of  iVoin  six  to 
twelve  infills.  Sliiiiuii.s  iiimu'rims  a.s  well  ns  tlie  |pistils.  ('iir/iils 
dispiisecl  ill  :in  ilii1il'ie:iteil  eoiie,  1  to  li-seedeil,  opeliiim  liy  tlio 
(loi'siil  siitiiie.  Si, lis  \iu]\'\.  icil,  siispeiiileil,  « lieii  ripe  liaiiL'iii.lC 
(lilt  cit'  till'  ciiiiicl  liy  a  loiiLT  iimlMrK-al  tlii'eail  cuinposed  ol'  spiral 
vessels. 

Trees  and  .--lirulis  willi  hiri;i\  entire,  alternate,  deeidnoiis  leaves, 
anil  solitarv,  terminal,  lart,'e,  and  nsuallv  odoril'erons  llowers.  Cliiefly 
natives  of  .North  Ainerii'a,  ("liina,  and  .laimn. 


LAUGE-FLO  VrEREl)   ^I  AG  NOLI  A. 

MA(IX0I.Ia  iil!AMilFt.olt.\,  rimi.      |  .Mlcil.,  Syl  v:!,  ]ilate  ol .) 

I.\  tiic  iieiglilnirliood  of  Suvaiiiiiili.  in  Gt'orgiti,  and  near  New 
Orlcnns,  this  hi|)leii(li(l  tree  often  ])resents  an  almo.xt  e(|iiiil, 
Mnootli.  colnnniar  shal't  of  sixty  to  eij;lity  feet  elevation,  and 


*    Naiiiiil  tiv  I.iiiiia'iis  III  liiiiiiir  ul'  I'icrrc  Minjuul,  a  l)iit:iiii>t  ul'  Munliiulliir. 
!I0 


LA  I!(i  I'M-  I.  (iW  !■;  i:  K  I)     M  A  (i  No  I,  1  A. 


iittains  llic  ii('i;zlit  dI'  oiii'  iiiiiKlrcd  Irct  or  iipwanl.  willi  a  j^iiut- 
I'lil,  lii^li.  ami  sprcinliiifr  siiiniiiit.  On  tlic  trunk  iil'  this  sprcii's, 
iii'iir  Saviiiiiiali,  I  oliscrvcil  lar;;i'  ijiiaiititics  nl"  ilic  paiasilic  aii- 
|ilaMl.  Ejiiili  nil nnn  ruiiupsi  inn.  and  it  a|i|i('arf(l  tluTc  in  ^ruw  on 
no  utiicr  Iri'c.  Ace  irdin:^'  to  Wm.  Martrani,  wiio  ,><a\v  tlic  .s|ircics 
.•^n  ahumiant  in  liis  tunr  in  Floiiiia,  its  .■^nniinit  liirnis  a  iiorlril 
(■(inc.  I'isinjr  IVoni  ii  fitrai^^Iit  cli'ar  tiunk.  rcscniliiinj^  a  hcantirnl 
coliinni;  anil.  IVoni  its  dark  loliaiii' '•.-iivcicd  uwv  witii  inilk- 
wliiti'  llowi'i'.s,"'  it  M  si't'ii  at  a  jiicat  distance.  Tlic  sncccssion 
(if  tlowcrs  is  also  Ion;.'  continued;  in  i'avoraijle  sitnations  IVoni 
May  to  Angnst.  Tlionj^h  conllned  very  inncii  to  the  neiiilihor- 
li(«>d  of  the  wa-const,  It  oxtunds  westward  in  Georfria  as  fur  as 
.MiliedgeviUe;  and  I  met  with  it  in  Ahil)anni,  on  the  lianks  of 
Utciiee  Creek,  aljonl  twelve  miles  from  ('olnmlius  in  (ieor^iia, 
and  afterward  in  other  parts  of  that  State  down  to  West 
I'Morida.     It  is  known   to  the  Creeks  hy  the  native  name  of 

TiKl/ll. 

In   the  new  edition  of  Duhamel,  we  have  the   followinjr  ac- 

»:onnt  of  its  introduction  into  France.     There  is  at  Maillardiere, 

ahont    live    miles    from    Nantes,   a    line    Maj:nolia,    which   was 

jjrouiiht  from  the  hanks  of  the  Mississip[ii,  in  IT.'l'J,  and  planted 

in  a  poor  soil.     It  grew  there  neglected  for  more  than  thirty 

years,  till  M.  ]{(inami,  a  physician  of  Nantes  and  [irofessor  of 

hotany  there,  recognised   this  heautiful  tree  to  he  th"  Miiijiiuliii 

t/niiii/ijlnni ;    and  at  the  meeting  of  the  States  of  Bi'etagne  in 

Si'iitenilier,  17(j(),  in   Nantes,  lie  i)resented  to  the   Princess  of 

llohan-Chahet  a  line  hraiich  of  this  Magnolia  in  llower,  which 

hecame  a  siiliject  of  conversation  and  inti'rest  to  all  assi^mhlcd. 

fiOiii.s  XV.  possessed  several  small  plants  of  this  species  in  his 

garden   at    the    Petit   Trianon,  hut   they  did   not   thrive )    and, 

liaving    heard    of    a   Magnolia    thirty-live    to    forty   feet    high, 

which  every  year  was  covered  with  line  flowers  of  a  delieiou.s 

[lerfmne,  he  sent  two  of  his  gardeners  to  ascertain  if  it  was 

possilile    to    transport    this    tree  to  Versailles,  and.  ahove   all. 
V"i.   IV.-7 


(•H 


I,  A  ik;  \:v  i.(»  u  k  ii  i:  n    m  a  (;  n  <»  i,  i  \. 


sliniilil    llicy  do    xi.  if   it   wulllil    lii'    ccl-tMill    ti)    >S\\t\y.      Tlli'V  Miw 

the  Iri'c,  iiiicl.  Ix'iiit:  oi'  i)|iiiii()ii  tliat  it  wmild  nut  Mii'vivc  ic- 
iiioviil.  il  ^Viis  siitl'iTcil  to  rnniiiii  in  its  place.  It  was  at  tliat 
tiiiii'  IVniii  lliir!v-lisc  to  liiitv  Ici'l  liii;li;  Imt.  ilmiiii;  tlii'  Irniililis 
111'  the  civil  war  <il'  I-a  Ni'iidi'i'.  it  was  inutilatcii.  ami  lust  iiicot 
tif  its  liiaiiclifs.  Aricrwaici.  tlic  Imrniii;.'  nl'  tla-  lidtisc  near 
wliicli  il  was  |ilaiiteil  liaviii^  (lainaucil  its  licad,  tlie  liraiiclies 
Were  ('i'<i|i|)e(l  dowii  to  tiif  trunk,  and  it  a^^'ain  shut  out  with 
viuiir.  Iiiit  llie  vdiniL!  >liiMit<.  nut  liaviiiu  had  lime  to  ri|ieM.  wci'e 
(|r>triiu(l  l)v  the  lr(i>t;  nutwithstandiu;^  this  i<i'Sere  cheik,  it 
a;^ain  recovered,  and  al'lerward  iK'canie  a  fine  tret-,  l-vtween 
twenty-li\e  and  thiily  I'eet  hij;h.  with  a  lar^c.  well-|ii'o|iortioni'd 
head,  and  a  trunk  of  four  Hct  in  circui  iference,  the  lower 
liianches  sweepini;  the  ^;ripund,  and  the  whole  ti'ee  prodiicina 
annually  from  three  himdred  and  lii'iy  to  four  hundred  lar^v, 
eli';.:ant.  and  fragrant  llowcrs.  The  si'cds,  liowe\er.  never  arrive 
at  pei'lecl  maturity,  allliiiui:h  the  fruit  attains  its  full  si/e  and 
renniins  upon  the  tree  till  the  I'ollowinix  sprinjjr.  Tliis  tr(  e  still 
esists.  anil  is  now  Ujiward  of  thirty  I'eet  lii,i:li  and  more  than 
one  hundred  years  of  aiie. 

At  Caserta,  in  the  neiiihhorhood  of  Naples,  this  tree  has 
nttained  the  hei;:hl  of  nearly  si.\ty  feet.  In  this  cliunite  they 
also  ripen  seeds  freely. 


U)X(i-I.KAVKl)    MA(JX()LIA. 


Mai;Nii1  lA     MALIUJ 


I'liM.i.A.     Mninix.  Fliii 


ir.    Am.,  vi 


1.   i. 


Mini 


I'l 


Tin;  princiiml  liicalitv  dI'  tliis  Hue 


spfcics  liiis  Ix't'ii  llir  many 


M'lirs  .•oiiriiic.l  to  111.'  vi.iiiity  of  !-iii.'  'iil"ii.  N"'tli  Ciin.linii,  ten 
niilcs  M.utlira«l  ol'  IIk'  town,  lu'ui-  or  on   tli.'  fstnt.-  of  a  imm 


naiiicil  Smitli.     Tlu^  tivcs  occuiiy 


till'  bunks  of  11  .MiiiiU  i^trcuiiu 


iUK 


111  'IViuu'^si'c.  ni'iir 


loMiiiy  M)il. 
til.'   Ciiiihi'iliinil    liiv.T,  I  iillcrwanl  .siw  ii 


1  iuv  iiru'tly  .li.-^|>(iM'il  imT  it.s  airlivitii'S,  in  a  ri'li 


lew   Mil 


;i   trcc.x  of  tlii.-<  ^1 


iri'ics; 


liiit    ill   the  winter  of  l^'l".  i" 


Mil     (■\tcll>lVC 


S-iiillii'iii  Stali'i 


tour  wliii'h   1  nia.lc  tliionpli   tli''  int.'rior 


■r  til 


I  nii't  with  al.uiKlaiifi'  of  the  Micjnni;,!  t,i,i< 


lilnlllil,   scvciiiy 
CcMPsa    ill    l>itil>  foiiii 


tv  mill's    iVom   Tuscaloosa,  on    tlif    ban 


.f   th 


It  v.   Alabama,  iirowiiii. 


itloin-laiKls  as  tlif  ///* 


'liiriilt 


ndiiiii'iii. 


()('  till'  ma.iiiii 


raniicr  tolil  inc  .-^oiiu' 


tu.li' of  till'   Ma-iiolias  -Towiiiu-  in   tins  vuiiiily 


;■    often    ill    till'   same 
To  ^'ivi'  nil'  some  iilea 

til 


trunks   iirodiK'eil   sixteen 


tliat   till'  trees  were  two  feet   in  diaiiiet. 


/■((//.s    In    llli     rill. 

but  as  timber  it 


was  little  esleenieil,  no 


I  eiidiirinir  Ihiil;  in 


the  air.      'i'o  the  town 


,f  Ca 


lllimei 


hauba.   1   still   saw  th.'   Ma-nolia;    aii.l  afterward,  in   the 
liale  vicinity  of  Tuscaloosa,  on 


the  road  down   the  ban 


)f  till'  J>liick  Warrior 


toward  Florida.  I  ubservi'd  this  >\» 


till'  "roati'st  iihiindaiii'c,  o 


flell  as  nincli  as  sin 


tv  feet    in  hei.Liht  ; 


but.  beillir  the  .U'l.th  of  winter.  I  of  course   CO 


uld   lorm  no  aiie- 


(luate    coliceptioli   o 
viiiorons  vcLivtation. 


f   the   siileiidoi-   of   its   ai>|iearaiice  when    in 


K.\it-l,l.AVi;i) 


.Ma(;n(ii,ia,  (Mii'jiiolld  luiricn 


,1  Ciiriiiiihri-  Till.  Mien.,  Sylva.  p 


•  It). 


den,  at    Ki 


in;:',  in    this  vicini 


tv.  tlr 


/.(/(/,     liAM.         L'lii'l- 

In  Martruin's  (Jar- 
is   a    tree   of   this 


KM) 


iMitiiKi.T.  A    \  M>   Ti  i.ir   tim;  i;s. 


hpccifS    Si'VflltV    nr    IlKilr    Ircl     liiu'll.    lIMil    willl    il     tlllllk    nf    lli( 
iliilllirlir   III'    two    111    llilii'    ti'ft. 


I'MiiHiiiA  'I'lMi:.  ^Miii/iidliii  fri/Hfiilii.)  Ai'<'(iriliii;_' In  I'mrrssiir 
Tiirivv.  nil  |»THm  ^inc!-  Midiaux  lias  ruiiiiil  liiis  tree  in  iiiiy 
|iail  nl'  llic  Slate  nl'   New   Yolk. 

'I"i  i.U'  'I'lir.i;,  {Liri'il'  I'llioii  /iilipi/' r<i.  liiNN.)  l!('s|ii'i'tiiiL'  tin' 
iioitliiTii  limit-  111"  tliis  tree,  (1.  15.  KiniTsiiii.  Ks(|.,  iiit'nrnis  ini'. 
••I  liavi'  rumiil  a  >iii,irl''  In  r  nl  l.iriiHlt'iulri'ii  in  Nurftilk  coMiity, 
Miu^siicliusctt.x.     It  is  iilciilil'iil  on  Wcstli.'lil  Kivcr." 


1)U  1  MO IM!  VL LI)  M. 


K.NMA.M'lilA,    MdMHiVMA. 


l-'l.iwi'iN    iii;ii.MAriiui-'iirn;, 


.l\nr 


riiicii'-*  h|iiillniliit<' liniiir,  c'li 


,1,  .I.MicliKiii^,   til.'  liasc  jKT.VlsU'iil. 


Shiiiiiiiii  iiiiii',  111  tliri'f  ticrifH, 


lifH,  all  r«itll<'.  Iiliiniciil:-  -iKii' 


t,  {\\f    tllllM'   111' 


itn'    illlll'l'    Allies 


111.'    )• 


\VI 


til  a  ] 


lair  •' 


f  n'liiiilir'li,  lai-,i;<', 


<h1i'  ■.riamh,  ii'mi- 


,r,.adi.      .!/.//"/•>■  flliptir-uval.'  an.l  ^il^ihM•,  all  nycuuvj:  m, 


ihc   iiiiu'l'  >IM>'. 


1.,.,.11,m1,  111.'   .■••lis   •■Uii:'l   •""•    l''""'"' 


1,  uilh   all   ll 


vnlvi'S  iiHi'i 


iiiliiii'.     Uiiifiiiiii 


l-.'flK'<l,  with  oiu!  uvul.'.     .vy.  .-lii'il; 


utiiinin  KiiiiH'W 


lial  (l.'in'xsi'd,  .niiilato.      Hnrn  l-s.'O.K'd. 


A  sciiiju'i'viri'ii 


t    Kiiiall   trt'i'  "I'    I'lil"'-  Calil'iinia, 


laiK'cohitc,  iiiiMii 


tclv  riticiilati'il.  iiiiiii;fii 


iwiTs    siiia 


I,     M'lli.W,     >lll." 


■til,   ill    ^11 


with    altfi-iiati 


Is-  arninalii',  t^iiionlli   leave-, 
ill  tcriiiiual    iiakod  rhl^-ti'i's. 


(Ni'arly  uHictl  to  Oi«'< 


similar  and  iinit'oriiily  iiitmrso  anlln'i'S  an 
naked,  williiiiit  lu'iniato  ii 


Aul.K't.  lull  with  iL'tiiiaphiodile  llnwcix, 
ll  aihiidiioiis  lu'i-iaiith.  Tin; 


leaves  are  also 
licit  ill   iiaiiiiliv 


with 


(lowers  (if  a  very 


•rves,  and   the  inlloreseeliel! 

I,  is  also  nearly  allied  to  . I/. , ■->/.<•'(.+'.  <>l'  N«'^''*.  '"'t 

dillereiit  hahit,  and,  witli  those  genera,  helongs 


to  the  trilie  Oui:iii>Ai'iiNi:.i;.) 


Kmiii  Ckji 


it'itj^.  iii'it 


I   III   till-   M."''  I   '.Hill   !,■"'■'•'"'!    "    '"'/• 


101 


CALIFOIIXIAX    r.AY    TIJKK. 

I  »I!I.M"I'IIVI.I.IM     I'M  I  U  r.nlll   M. 

(>niTi;A  .<M,ii  ii'iii.iv?     KiMir,  Sv.Niii's..  vol.  i.  \<.  4")H. 

Tins  is  a  very  oli',::init  cvcrvnvcn  tifc  ul'  l'|i|"'r  ('ulil'tiniiti. 
•rniwiiiir  nmiiil  Santa  IJarlmrii.  twcntv  In  twfiily-livc  or  tliirty  I'nl 
lii,;:li.  witii  crfft,  Ififtt',  iiml  siiuintli  liranclics.  Tlie  wnoA  is 
\\\i'\U'  ami  i-ailifr  soft.  Tlio  leaves  arc  alternate,  eveijifeen. 
(•(iriaeeoiis,  ))eri'ectly  snioolli.  three  to  lour  inches  Ion;:  and 
tliive-(|uartcrs  to  one  anil  a  (inarter  inches  wiile,  lanceohite- 
pointeil,  lint  olitusc,  entire,  witii  very  intii>tiMct  slcndiT  lateral 
nerves,  anil  stmnj^iy  lait  minutely  reticulatcil  almvc;  the  jiint- 
stalUs  are  ahitnt  two  to  three  lines  lunii.  'I'lic  oilor  ami  taste 
of  tho  h'ave.H  are  very  aromatic,  the  lattei  so  nuieli  so  as  to  he 
<|nite  pnnjicnt,  even  more  so  than  the  leaves  of  the  Hay;  ami 
tliev  are  eniploycil  as  cnniliments  hy  the  inlialpitants.  The 
llitwcrs  are  in  small  contraitc'l  clusters,  at  lirst  surroumlcil  with 
linil  scales,  which  iire  eailucons.  hut  not  in  the  tl)rm  of  an  invo- 
lucrnm.  'I'he  Ijowcrs  ari'  ahout  limr  or  li\e  tn'jcthcr.  on  jicdicels 
nt'arly  as  Ion;:  as  themselves.  The  perianth  is  yellowish,  lun- 
ncl-formed.  and  somewhat  s|ircailimr.  deeply  (I-clci'l.  the  sci;menls 
liucar-spathidate  mid  smooth,  a  little  piihesceiit  within  toward 
the  hase.      Stamens  nine,  with   short   and  hroad  lilamcnts.  the 


It  hen 


ih 


1. 


celleil,    all     olicu 


ill'.;-    Iriiiii    within,   the    cc 


paralli 


\  and   nearly   all  cipial.   with   the    valvt's   aseeiidinjr.  the 


iree  innermost  each   tinnis 


heil   t 


owaii 


I  the  hase  of  the  tllament 


wn 


h  two  laiyc  rcnil'orm,  sessile  <;laiids.      The  perianth  is  deci- 


duons.  the  hase  alone  hein.ir  persistent,  and  eiili 
1 -seeded  In-rry.     The  pe 


ir'jmi:  \vi 


th   th 


•rfect  iVuit  I  have  not  seen. 


PL, ATE  .Wll. 


.1    /„•.//„•/,  .,/•//,.    ;„//-/,■'//  . 


77-  M 


»•(■(•  ciiiiirii' 


Itiriidt 


lii-j 


II. 

.1 

ri. 

M.I 

ti- 

nil 

nl- 

lie 
ikI 

lie 
ilil 
\  li- 
ds 
Hi- 
nts 
ml 
111.' 


111.' 
■lit 
•ci- 
llir 


A 


h 


Mgj 


IM.XMI 


npiinophylliim  jmiiciriiiruni  . 

(\//iliiniiiiti  till  1/ In;  /)r/mt)/>lii/A  iiiiuriiliii 


Nal 


Flc 
t 
t 


Ti 
til 


UMinVLLULAllIA, 


(•' 


\\:v.>.  111)  F.^oiib.) 


A'((/ 


((/•'( 


/    Oi-'lii;   LAiiiiNr..i:.      Llini",i,i 


Vhmfjlaitioii, 


Ennv.an- 


\m\ 


,\.  MtiMiCYNIA. 


IlKKMAl'llUiilUTi: 


.— Tl 


10     IH 


,lh  (U'fply  t',-p;irteil  lunl  sl,<irtl 


tuinpiiniiUi 


to,  tho  Mo^nio'.its  0(1 


u;il  iiii'l  ilooiiliiou;) 


Stamina 


twolv 


ll 


10    11 1110 


oxloiinr  tortilo,  in 


torior  sler 


ilo,  tlio  throe  tortile  iiuioniuist 


OllO;* 

liliiiiiou 


Ciioli  ^vltll  11  1 


liiir  I' 


t'  iarL'c 


gliinils 


cuvoriiiL 


llio  1. 


,['  tho 


UJ>\H  T  Ot 


t.     ,l/-//((7-.-'  4-collo(l,  thos 
lis  iiitroivoly  oiioiiin 


the  tliinl  sorio 


with  tho  two 


,  tho  lower  extrorsely  an 


ll  lateral;  the 


i-ton 
1-so 


\f  lilaineiits 


tlii-oaa-<hai.otl.     .S7.}//-('i  1 


•Itato,  sdliri'pantl.     B^rrj 


(1,  seated  on  the  euii-sliai 


1  base  of  tlie  iieriaiith. 


A  tree  ol'  Ul>l>or  Calilbrnia, 


with  altoriiato  poi 


itolv-norvod  loaves. 


The  ilowors  a.u 
the  iiivoliioruni; 


rrewitetl  in  axillary  nniiioua 


th 


ilis  ol'  tho  iiivi 


led  olilstors,  oiiolosod  liy 
lish.altornalo,  and 


lucrniii  hi'oai 


»l'l 


roxiinato;  after  the  op< 


if  th 


lower,  e 


iduoous 


lo;} 


CALTFOPvXIAX    U:\LCELLULAKrA. 

rMllKl.M'I.AllIA     ('A1.I1-0I!NIC.\.       l/inin'j'lifnilUd.l'nfiis    /ii  n  Ulinifli'lills    nli- 
iiliiliiJiliii'Cnl(tli.\    fix  (Irllll.s    jii  iniilii  I'i'ii.-'    I'tlii  "■■ll'l-l''  llii-'l«    l/llllll'IS.    jitihlll- 

cidiK  iijiUdriliii.i  fiiii/il'iiliii':  jliirlliii-'  iilni'ilms,  iinilnl/d  .  ithi-iijiilnUi,  /ntlKn- 
riilii   fiilid  lift  finl'iliil-i. 
TkTKANTIIKIIA  ?     C'aMI  iilSNRA,   IlndKIMl    it    All\..  il,    liiil.   I'.ll'lll.  Voy., 


1' 


l.-.s.     II, 


;i:i!. 


l!..r.  Ai 


II.,  vol.  n 


1' 


l: 


Laiius    i;i:i;i; 


Vol.   II. 


I)ni-,;l.. 


oliriKll,     III 


Hook.   ('oiiiip;iii.    l>ot.  Mug., 


Tir  .«|ilt"iiiliil  I'vci'jii'c'cn  trco  \v:is  (li.-icovcn'd.  mi  tlic  iKirlliwcsl 
coast,  ill  I'luicr  Ciilitoniia.  liv  Mr.  Mcii/ics.  wlio  lir.-^t  iniulo  kiiiiwii 
til  li(itiiiii.<ts  tlic  \i'i;i'tiililc  tii'iisiiri's  ul'  tliiit  iutfi'i'stiiii;  and  tlicii 
iiiK'Xlildicil  iH'uioii.  Dmiijilas  al'lciwaiil  tiMiiid  it  in  iicai'ly  tlio 
saiiio  I'omitry,  soiitli  ol'  tlio  ('oliiiiiliiii  or  Orcjion,  and  mUh,  that 
it  attains  the  lii'iglit  ol'  IVoin  forty  to  oni-  liiindivd  anil  twonty 
I'cDt,  with  a  dianictcr  of  loin  two  to  four  foct.  It  oointncnci's 
at  thi'  .soiitliiTn  limit  of  the  pi'i'vailini:-  I'iiu'  and  Fir  fori'sts 
which  linr  tlio  wastes  of  Oregon.  The  foliage  gives  out.  when 
hruised,  a  most  ])owerfid  campiiorated  odor,  whii'li  from  its 
jmngeiicy  is  capable  of  exciting  sneezing.  Flowi'ring  s])eeimeiis 
of  this  interesting  tree  were  iri  Donglas's  eollectioii  from  Cali- 
liiniia.  Il  is  to  lie  regretted,  however,  that  im  deliiiled  il>'scri|i- 
tiim  nor  lignre  is  gi\i.'n;  and  1  had  not  the  good  tortiine  to  meet 
with  it  nivself 


8.\ss.\Fl?.\S.   (Lintriis   stiss;i/r(i\.    Liw.)      The    Inliahitants   of 

Niirth   and  South  Carolina  distinguish  two  kinds  ol'  Sassafras. 

till-  Jied  and  the  White.     The  Ked  or  true  A,  .m/.v.m/Z/i/.v  I  referred 

(in  the  "(ienera  of  North  Ameiican  I'lant.s,"  vol.  i.  pp. '_'"in.  1^(1(1.) 

to  a  suh-geniis  /ui<isniii>i,  embracing  also   the   following  vai'iety. 

which  1  then   eoiisidered  as  a  species,  by  thi'   mime  of  /,.  (Kua.-i- 
Uit 


T!  E  M  A  R  K  P     O  N     T  II  F.     L  A  F  H  I  N  /V.. 


1(1.1 


mm)  itlhiihi.  It  is  distinguishable  from  the  Red  liy  having  th(^ 
buds  and  twigs  smooth  and  ghiucous;  its  loaves  are  also  smooth 
and  thin,  and  the  veins  almost  obsolete  beneath;  the  petiole  is 
apiiarently  longer.  The  root  is  much  more  strongly  camphor- 
ated than  that  of  the  Red  sort,  and  is  nearly  white.  It  is  better 
calculated  to  answer  as  a  substitute  ibr  ochra  {IHIilicuscHcuJcidufi) 
than  the  conunon  kind,  as  the  buds  and  young  branchvs  are 
much  more  mucilaginous.  It  is  abundant  in  North  and  South 
Carolina,  from  the  Catawl)a  ISIountains  to  the  oast  bank  (jI'  the 
Santee,  growing  with  the  common  kinds. 

From  the  present  order  of  plants  wc  derive  the  Cinnamon, 
Cassia,  and  the  Camphor.  Several  species  afford  the  cinnamon 
of  commerce,  and  the  Liurns  Quixm  produces  that  of  Peru. 
The  cinnamon  of  Santa  Fc  de  Bogota  is  aflbrded  by  Luinix 
fuimmumoidcs.  A  great  deal  of  the  finest  camphor  of  India, 
however,  is  the  product  of  the  Dn/Dliiilitnn^is  riuiiji/inra.  The 
volatile  oil  obtained  from  .some  species  of  Laurus  ibund  in  tlie 
vast  foiests  between  the  Orinoco  and  the  Parime  is  produced 
in  great  abundance  by  merely  nnddng  an  incision  into  the  bark 
with  an  axe,  as  deep  as  the  liber  or  young  wood.  It  gushes  out 
in  such  'piantities  that  several  (piarts  nu\y  be  olitained  by  a 
single  incision.  It  has  the  reputation  of  being  a  powerful  dis- 
cutieiit. 


IV  -7 


THE   LINDEN,  on   LIME   TREE. 


X.ilnnil    Onhr,    Til.iAri;.>;,    iTussioii.)    Lhuunn,    f'hixsJfiralix),, 

PiiI.VANmUA.  MoNOGYNIA. 

TILIA.*    (Linn.) 

N/w/n  live.  P<  hil^  livp.  SliiiDni.-'  luiiiuTons,  tlispnsod  more  or  less  in  iivu 
rliistvrs,  tla>  ccntnil  tiifl  (rliu'lly  in  the  imtivc  species)  tnnisioriue.l 
into  ;i  i<v\-A.  The  unny  ,u;loliular,  villous,  ami  r).eelle(l,  eaeh  of  the 
(■.•Us  hearin.ir  two  ovules.  C'l]"^"!'-  ligneous,  glohular,  by  ahortion 
only  1-eelle.l,  with  one  or  two  seeds.     Cul^jkduHs  sinuate. 

Trees  of  Europe  an.l  North  Anieriea,  with  alternate  dilated  or 
eordate  leaves,  ohli-iue  at  the  base,  serrated  on  the  margin,  and  with 
n  tough  and  fihrous  bark;  stipules  eadueous.  The  flowers  dispose.l 
in  flaltish  peduneulated  clusters,  (or  eynies,)  and  with  the  peduncle 
curiously  adnate  for  a  great  part  of  its  length  to  a  large  n.cnibra- 
naeeous,  linear  bracte.  The  rest  of  this  family  of  plants  are  nearly 
all  trfipical  produriions. 


*  All  aiioitnit  Latin  uauie,  probably  tiuin  llio  (ovck  znh.i,  tlir  I'.I.M. 


lOG 


livu 

lU'll 
tlic 
tioii 


1     Of 

ivitli 

DSCcl 

nclo 
l.ni- 
•arly 


1.,/rifi'   hiivrii  t.ifitii-t 


Tiliii    hdcrdplivJIii 


■nilrni    h,-trr„f,liyll, 


Til, 


Til 


sf 

'l\ 

M 

IV 
() 
tl 


LAIiGK-LEAVKl)    LIXDKX,  on   MMR 

Tll.lA    III;T):IIii1'I|\  l.l.\.        /•'(.///,<   urn/Is,   nri/nl,    .^(frillis,  Im.si   ininr   mnlulis, 
iiiiiii-  iil'liijiii  mil  ii  ijiiidiltr  tr'iiii-iiUs;  sulihi.^  Imni  iitn.^i^  ;    ii'ta  jii-^'l'"riiii, — 

\'i:.\Ti;.SAT,  Mi'iii.  iU-  rin-^lii.it.,  tdui.  4,  |i.  U'l,  ]<\.  •'>.      I'l  ii>ii,  Fl"i-. 
B'ir.   Am.,   vnl.   ii.   p.   ■)>>'■'>.      Xui  vi:au    Dluami;!,,   sul.  i.  [>.   -".>. 

l)|rAM)ul,l,i:,    I'idil.,  Viil.  i.  p.  tlia. 
'I'l  I.I  \    jli:i  l;lin|'in  I.I.A.       Lcjivrs    i,'l;lli|Mll.'<   mill    ilcrp    irlii'll    nliovi',   Vrrv 

white  iiiiil  volvL'ty-tdiiicMlnso  luiiciitli,  tlic  vriiis  (liiik-ciildrcil  Mini 
lu'iu'ly  L'liilii'niis,  willi  cojirsi'  iiiiicniniitL'  r^iiniturcs ;  |i(tiils  oliliisc, 
crcimlati' ;  siainiiiDiliii  (inMiT  ]ictiils)  .■iini'iilalc,  cntirr,  ^tylc  liairy 
at  till!  liase. — 'I'liiiitKY  and  (iiiAY,  Klof.  North  Aiiii'i'.,  vnl.  i.  p.  i;:',li. 
'I'li.iA  Ai.iiA. — Sniilli'fi  Iii.-ifcts  of  Gi.'dp.Ma,  vol.  i.  p.  '21,  t.  11'. 

Tlii.s  i.>i  oin'  of  tlic  riifcst  ainl  most  uniaiiiciital  tivos  of  tlic 
wlioh'  L'l'Miis;  and,  as  I'af  as  my  own  ulisi-i'vatioiis  ^-^o,  it  is  almost 
wliolly  conrniiMl  to  tlu' shady  forests  of  tlic  Ohio  and  its  triluitaiy 
sti'eams,  to  whieli  I'uish  also  adds  the  hanks  of  the  .Mississip[ii. 
Tonvy  and  (Iriiy  rt'ct-ived  it  likewise  IVoiii  the  lU'iirliliorlKMjd  of 
Alacon,  ill  f!eori;ia,  wliei'c  it  was  oolli'cted  by  oiir  late  mutual 
fiieiid  aiul  twcellent  oljserver,  Dr.  lioomis.  In  deseeiidiii  lie 
Ohio,  late  in  luitmnn,  (ahoiit  the  year  ISIO.)  I  got  out  of 
tile  lioat  in  which  1  was  do.scendiiiijf,  to  walk  round  Ia'  Tart's 
IJapids  above  Cincinnati.  Here  I  ob.scrved  almost  an  exeliisivu 
forest  of  this  line  r/mdcn.on  a  rather-elevated  alluvial  platform, 
in  a  li>;iit,  rich,  calcareous  soil.  Most  of  tiie  trei's  were  tall  and 
rather  slender,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  in  lieijilit.  and  tiie  i^roimil 
was  thickly  strewed  witii  their  hu'j^e  and  singular  leaves,  almost 
as  white  as  snow  beneatlj.  According  to  the  lierhariinn  of  Mr. 
Schweinitz.  it  exists  also  in  Virginia,  lU'obaWy  on  the  borders  of 
tiie  streams  which  liow  into  the  Ohio  near  rittsbiirg;  ami 
according  to  Dr.  Short,  of  Ijcxington,  Keiitiiekv',  it  forms  in 
his  vieinit}-  one  oi'  tiie  largest  forest  trees  in  the  rich  lalld.^ 
there.       DecaiiduUe    speaks  of   having    leceiveil    a   specimen    of 


108      L  A  1!  (I  I'M,  i;.\  V  i;  l>     I,  INDKN,     (>  i;     I,  1  M  M. 

i<i)iii('  wry  similar  hiiccics  I'ldiii  McNicu.  It  ilncs  iicit  \rt  appear 
to  liavL'  lit'cn  iiitniiliiccd  iiitu  Kiinipc.  |1i(iii,l;Ii  it  is  pnipi'iiy 
(tcsfi'ilicd  ill  tlic  New  l)iiliaiii(l.  pinliaMy  I'nnii  W'ulcnat's  t'ssay, 
as  llic  IcMM's  ail'  saiil  In  !«•  MKiw-wliilc  ln'iicatli. 

Tia-  ytniiij;'  hraiiclics  an-  piirpli>ii  and  sniiicwliat  jilaiicuiis. 
Tlif  larj:cst  k'uvos  1  have  wfcn  aiv  alxiiit  six  or  seven  iiiclics 
ioiii,'  and  tlii'i'o  to  lisi'  liroad.  In  tin;  yoiinii'  stati',  tln'  wliiti.- 
jpuIpcsccik'c  liciR'atli  is  most  consiiiciions  wlicn  tlio  leaves  aiv 
thinly  cosficd;  the  iiaiis  arc  stellate,  the  seiratnres  are  stron;^ 
and  sharp,  with  aenniinated  I'i^id  points;  the  upper  siirl'aee  is 
dark  green:  the  liasi'  of  llii-  leaf  varies  eonsiderabl}';  sonietiines 
it  is  slunatud,  at  other  times  perfeetly  Hat  and  trnneated;  the 
leaves  are  always  very  ohliipie  at  the  liase.  The  liowers  aie 
soiiicwhat  lar;;('r  (Inn  those  of  '/'.  Am'  liiiiini.  nud  the  triiit  is 
villous,  nearly  siiheriual,  ami  et'itainly  always  without  any  rihs. 


I 


The  Tir.i\  Ai.iiA.  White  liiiiie  of  Michaux,  plate  l;!2,  not 
heiiij;-  the  T.  <iIImi  oI"  Kitailu'l  and  Alton,  (Mort.  Kew.  1.  c..) 
which  is  ii  native  of  llniigary,  it  is  necessary  to  change  its 
name,  and  we  prop(jse  to  call  it  Tll.iA  Mhiialxu,  (Michanx's 
liiiiie.)  it'  liis  plant  should  indeed  jn'ove  to  he  any  thing  more 
than  a  snio(jther  variety  ol"  our  T.  Ik ttnij^ihijKd. 

I'LATE  Will. 

A  lintiirli  uf  lid  iiiiOiivl  Ktzc.     <i.    Till  j'niil.     h.    'J'lu  jlninr. 


Gnu  ml  Ohsirnilionn.  The  Lime  has  long  hecn  a  favorite 
tree  for  aveiuies  and  public  walks;  it  is  [ilanti'd  in  the  streets 
of  some  of  the  principal  tcjwns  of  France,  Holland,  and  Ger- 
Hiiuiy,  and  it  is  used  for  forming  avenues  both  on  tiie  continent 
of  l']ui'o[)e  anil    in  (Ireat    l>ritain.       It   has  of  late  years   been 


LA  It  (I  IM,  i:.\  V  !■;  i»    1,1  N  I)  i:  n,  o  ii    i,  i  m  k. 


109 


is 


iiiiicli  |p1iiiiIc(1  iilciii'j  till'  streets  ill  Mevei'iil  to\vii-<  ami  eities  of 
llu'  I'nited  Stille>,  l)iit  ill  l'liilililel|iliiii  it  is  m>  iiiiuli  :itt;i<kiil 
l)y  IllMi'ctM  tllilt  it  JiniliaMv  will  iml  Inn;:;  Hlirvive.  'I'iie  .-pefit'M 
elii|)liiye(l  I'm-  tiii.'^  i)iir|iii,<e  ii|i|";il's  to  lie  |ililiei|ially  the  Klin*. 
[le.iii,  while  tiie  nativi!  kinds,  heiii;:  iiiore  lianly  and  vi^'oroiis, 
tpiii^hl  to  have  the  inrrereiice,  iiiirtieiilarly  the  pi-esciit  species, 
( '/'.  Ill  I'  i-iijiliiillti.)  wiiicli  ill  a  L;o(id  .>.(>il  hei'dliies  a  lar  e  tree,  aiid 
is  at  the  same  time  splendidly  ornamental.  'I'lie  insect  that 
devdiirs  the  leaves  of  tlic  Fjiiideii  a]ipears  to  Ik-  a  molli,''  which 
suspends  its  c  "oons  at  the  ends  of  the  twi";  of  the  trees  it  has 
strippeil;  tliesL-  on.uht  carel'iilly  to  he  reiii.)\,'d  and  destroyed, 
by  which  means  the  evil,  il"  not  wholly  cnred,  wiaild  Ije  ile- 
fidedly  initijiated. 

Tiie  Diitcli  plant  the  Lime  in  towns,  along  their  widest 
stivetM,  mid  hy  the  sides  of  their  canals;  and  the  whole 
country  is  thus  pcrfuiiKMl  liy  their  tlowcis  dnrinu'  ?lie  months 
of  July  and  August:  they  likewise  iill'ord  an  ample  repast  for 
the  hees. 


The  wood  of  the  European   Lime  Tree  is  of  a  i)ale  Vidlow 


or 


white,  close-L'rained,  soft,  liiilit.  mid  smooth,  and  not  liahle  to 
))0   attacked   hy   insects.      It    is    used    hy   pianol'orte-makeis   li)r 


sonndiii'i-boarils.   and   hv 


liiiel-makers   lor 


variety  of  pnr- 


post's.  It  is  turned  into  domestic  utensils  (jf  various  kiiid.s, 
carved  into  toys,  &c.  The  most  eli^ganl  ii.se  t(i  which  it  lia.s 
been  applied  is  for  curviiifr.  for  which  it  is  sui)erior  to  any  other 
wood.  Many  of  the  line  carvings  in  Windsor  Castle,  St.  Panrs. 
Trinity  College  Library  at  Cambridge,  and  in  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire's  mansion  iit  Chatsworth,  from  the  hand  of  the 
celebrated  Cibbons,  are  of  this  wood.  It  makes  excellent  char- 
coal for  gunpowder.     IJaskets  and  cradles  were  formerly  made 


from 


the  I 


\\\'. 


The  I 


eaves  are  also  emnlovi 


il( 


odder  lijr 


cattle  ill   Enropi       ll  is  in  lUissia  and  soiiie  parts  of  Sweden 


*  A  Kpecius  uf  Oilcttwus. 


110      LARGE-LEAVED    LINDEN,    OR    LIME. 


tliiit  the  wt'll-kii.AVii  bass  niiits  arc  furmod  fn<m  the  imu'i'  hark 
(.)!'  tliis  tivc.  Till'  liark  ftrippi'd  IVuiii  young  trees  of  six  iiielies 
to  11  I'uot  ill  (lianieter  is  soloctcd  for  this  purpose.  Tiiesc  strips 
are  steeped  in  water  till  the  bark  .separates  freely  into  layers; 
it  is  then  taiveii  out  and  separated  into  stran<ls,  whieh  an-  dried 
in  the  shade,  and  afterward  manufactured  into  the  mats  so 
mueh  used  l)y  gardeners  ann  uuholsterer.-f,  iind  for  euvi'riiig 
paekagi'S.  Tiie  iislieriuen  of  Sweden  make  lishing-nets  of  the 
filu'es  of  till'  inner  bark,  formed  into  a  kind  of  llax;  and  the 
sli''piierds  of  Carniola  even  '.veave  a  coarse  cloth  of  it,  which 
serves  them  for  their  ordinary  clothing.  The  whole  plant 
abounds  with  mucilage,  the  sap,  like  that  of  the  Maple,  allbrds 
a  eoiisideralile  (piantity  of  sugar,  and  tiie  honey  [U'oduced  by 
the  tlowers  is  considered  .superior  to  all  other  kinds  for  its  deli- 
cacy, selling  at  three  or  four  times  the  price  ol'  coniiiioii  honey; 
in  Europe,  it  is  used  exclusively  in  medicine,  and  for  making 
some  particular  kinds  oi  liqiicv rs,  especially  rosolio.  This  Lime 
Tree  honey  is  only  to  be  jirocured  at  the  little  town  of  Kowno, 
on  the  river  Niemen,  in  Tjithuaiiia,  which  is  surrounded  by  an 
extensive  forest  of  Lime  Trees.  The  triturated  fruit  i)ro(Iuces 
also  a  paste  very  similar  to  that  of  cocoa.  During  the  taste 
for  grotesque  decorations,  the  Lime,  like  the  Yew,  was  cut  into 
various  imitative  forms,  and  in  some  of  the  public  gardens  of 
recreation  round  Paris  and  Amsterdam  then.'  are  very  impcjsing 
colonnades,  arcades,  walls,  pyramids,  and  other  architt'ctural- 
looking  masses  formed  of  this  tree. 

The  European  liin.k'ii  attains  a  height  of  upward  of  one 
hundred  icet,  and  grows  with  vigor  lor  .^^everal  centuries,  lii 
Switzerland  there  an;  some  very  large  and  ancient  Tiime  Trees : 
one,  mentioned  by  DecandoUe  the  younger,  near  Jlorges,  has  a 
trunk  of  twenty-four  feet  four  inches  in  circumrerence  ;  anothe., 
near  the  great  church  at  15i>rne,  which  was  planted  bel'ore  the 
year  lllU,  is  thirty-si.v  feet  in  girth. 


3 


M  A  N  G  L  E. 


Xiihiiiil  Onhr,  RiiiziiriiOKE,!:,  (R.  Brown.)     LlniKinn  Chimfwu- 

tion,  DuDECAXDlilA,  MoXOGY. 

RIIIZOrnORA.*    (LiNv.) 

Tiibo  of  ilic  ciifijx  oboviito,  coherent  \vi,.i  tlic  ovary,  the  horder 
diviiled  into  i'onr  ol)long,  pernistent  sei^niciii.s.  I'dnls  tour,  ob- 
long, cniurginato,  coriaceous,  conihiplicato,  bct'orc  expansion  em- 
bracing the  alternate  stamens,  tlie  margiuti  eaeli  with  a  double 
row  of  long,  woolly  hairij.  .SV«//;tvw  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ; 
twthcrs  nearly  sessile,  largo,  linear-oblong.  Ocari/  2-ccllcd,  with 
two  ovules  in  each  cell.  Sliilf  conical,  short,  2-furrowcd;  slii/ma 
2-to()thed  or  bifid.  Fruit  O'Tiie  or  oblong,  crowned  near  the  b;is(! 
with  the  persistent  segments  of  the  calyx,  longer  than  the  tube, 
at  length  perforated  at  the  apex  by  the  radicle  of  the  germinating 
embryo. 

Maritime  trees  of  the  tropics,  with   entire   opposite  leaves  and 
axillary  ilowers. 

*  TIic   niimo,  fniiii  />;;«,  a   fnul,  ifc/im,  In  lunr,  in  !illii>ii)ii  to  tlio  pcoil  f;er- 
luinatiii"  hafiiro  it  f;il!s  from  tlio  lir;iiK:lios. 


lit 


AMERICAN   MANGLE,   or   MANGROVE. 


FIlirZOI'IIiiKA    A.MKIUCANA.       FnHis    iiliiiVido-ohhtlKjis    oliliisi.'t;     jHililiicnli's 

Irkhotumis  pdiulo  lunijlonbu.^,  nljll-i  Kubidalln  biJidis^ji-uiiiliHs  titilmliilu- 

chtfutls  ohtiisis. 
liiiiZdi'iioitA  iii'iiii/lc. — JaciH'in,  Amor.,  ji.  141,  t.  SI*.     15u(i\vn,  Jam., 

p.  :211.     DiU'A.M).,  I'nid.,  vol.  iii.  \>.  '-Vl.     Xltt.,  Floriil.,  pi.  Hill.  :">, 

p.  -y.^i).     Ton.  iuul  (iiiAY,  vol.  i.  p.  4S4,  (not  of  Lixx.) 
Ciiinhla  AiiariiMku  fuliis  laar'uus. — CAiicsBY'ri   Carol.,  vol.   ii.  p.  (l^j, 

t.  0:j. 
Mdiiijlc  iiqualiiv,  j'lilUs  siihriilHiKi'is  d  piDii-ldli,^. — I'u  .Mn:ii,  (ieii.,  p.  1:5. 

Sloani;,  Jam.,  p.  1.")"),  Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  ti3. 
Manjid:  (Ja/qjurilju. — I'lso's  liru/.il,  1.  4,  c.  87,  Ii. 

This  tree  is  found  in  the  ..laritiino  swanip.s  jC  Loui.'^iaii.a  .iml 
East  Florida,  and  along  the  coast  ol'  Texas  is  not  unconiiiiou. 
The  Mangrove,  like  the  famous  IJanyun  Fig,  sends  out  innu- 
merahle  roots  into  the  surrounding  nuirshcs  from  the  lusi- 
forni  fruits  wiiich  terminate  its  branches,  so  lliat  after  a  while 
a  single  tree  becomes,  as  it  were,  the  parent  of  a  whole  forest 
of  several  miles  in  extent;  and,  growing  well  even  into  the 
salt  water,  it  is  not  nnfn'(|uent  to  see  their  branches  loaded 
with  oyster!  (the  Ostfii  /n/imt))  of  an  excpiisite  llavor.  Those 
thickets  likewise  aflord  a  resort  for  various  kinds  of  sea-fowl, 
and,  fringing  tiie  margin  of  the  ocean  ami  the  salt-))ools  with 
their  spreading  summits,  they  give  a  peculiar  feature  to  tlie 
tropical  landscape,  but  at  the  same  time  afford  shelter  to  clouds 
of  mosquitos.  Tiie  bark  and  IVuit  are  useful  foi' tanning:  the 
lluwer,  according  to  Loureint,  dyes  a  very  durable  black,  and, 
according  to  Sloaue,  all'ords  a  nuiterial  for  ink. 

The   Mangrove  of  the   West    Indies  and   Tropical   America 

becomes  a  tree  idwut  forty  to  fd'ty  feet  high  anil  two  to  three 

feet  in  diameter,  with  a  ferruuinous  bark  and  white  wood  of  no 

great  value  t'xcept   for  fuel ;  yet.  according  to  Sloa-ie.  the  wood 
IIJ 


Klir/,i)it|iiir.i  Anirrii'iMiii 


/ntiri^mi  .  'fit 


/: /,,x. ■/>/,. >r.-  ,/  /, 


y.//,.,-.-  ,/   t„.    ,;,/„ 


AMERICAN    MANGLE. 


118 


is  good  for  building  and  for  shinglos.  Tiie  wood  of  tliat  of  [ndin, 
as  dc>scvilj(,.d  hy  IJoxhiirgh  in  his  '•  Flora  Indica,"  is  of  a  dark- 
roddish  color,  hard,  and  diirahlo. 

The  Mangrove  is  not  very  tall,  hut  very  branching;  the 
branches,  almost  always  opposite,  elongated  and  pendant. 
When  touching  the  soil,  they  striifo  root  and  become  new 
trees,  which  remultiply  themselves  in  the  same  maimer,  thus 
forming  an  almost  impenetrable  l)ai  r  on  the  borders  of  the 
sea. 

Tlio  leaves  are  opposite,  entire,  coriaceous,  at  first  folded  in- 
ward, with  caducous  stipules  between  the  petioles.  The  flowers 
are  pale  yellow,  the  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate.  The 
anthers  are  subulate;  the  margin  of  the  petals  pilose;  the 
style  bifid,  with  the  divisions  rather  long  and  subulate.  The 
verdure  of  the  Mangrove  is  dark  and  gloomy,  and  the  whole 
tree,  inhabiting  a  region  of  desolation,  presents  an  aspect  of 
sadness. 

The  most  extraordinary  plant  of  this,  or  rather  a  nearly-allied 
genus,  is  the  lilil::oi,h>m  i/j/tniiorlihaonAmnvu)',  (now  Jinn/lrni.) 
This  tree  gnjws  conmion'.y  in  the  maritime  marshes  of  India; 
and  the  branches  of  its  numerous  roots,  ascending  into  tlie  air, 
produce  the  appearance  of  a  large  umI)rageous  tree,  as  it  were, 
on  stilts,  or,  as  Koxliurgh  sa3s,  sujiported  in  the  air  on  a  circle 
of  converging  hop-poles.  The  fruit,  the  leaves,  and  the  bark  ol 
tiiis  species  are  also  said  to  alKird  food  to  the  native  inhabitants. 
A  figure  of  it  is  given  l)y  Rumpliius,  wi.  iii.  t.  (iS,  and  by  Rheede, 
in  tiie  "Flora  Malribarica,"  vol.  vi.  tab.  ol,  ;!2. 

PLATE   X.XIV. 

A  lintiirh  uf  llir  iHititrtil  Hi:r.     a.  Thr  fruit. 


V.ip,.  IV. 


G  U  A  V  A. 


XniKi-dl  (Inh  r.  Mvin'Acr.T:.     Liinimni  ('/nxxijlni/inii,  Tcds.WDHiA. 

]\I(INi)(iV.\"I.\. 

rslDII'M.*    (Link.) 

((■//'/.'■-till If  (or  external  germ)  ('llipsoid  or  oliovatf,  of'toii  contrnolod 
iit  tlio  sminiiit;  \]io  border  at  first  nii(li\iilc(l  and  ovalo  wliile  in 
flowor,  af'teTward  1  to  S-nlcl't.  Pilal.9,iW(}.  ^/((iiiiiik  very  iiiiinerouH, 
distinct.  iSV'//(' filifoi'in  ;  sI'Kjma  oajiitato.  Tlic  orurii  witli  iVoin  live 
to  twenty  rolls,  some  of  tliciii  alioi'tivc,  cacli  coll  snlidividod  by  tlio 
intorpiisitiim  of  a  placenta  rosoniblinLr  a  disscjiinicnt.  Oenhs  muno- 
I'ous,  hiiri/.ontal.  Frihl  a  many-soodod  biTiy,  coalod  ^\itll  tlio 
adlioriiiL!;  tiii'O  of  tlio  calyx  and  oniwiiod  by  its  jiorsisting  lolu's. 
The  .«<■('/.'!'  pcattorcd  tlirdiigli  the  pulp  in  tlio  vi]io  berry,  liaviiiir  a 
lioiiy  or  hard  sliell.  Tlio  cniliri/o  curved  in  a  lialt'-oirelc  round  tlio 
protruded  base  of  tlie  testa.  Oilj/htlunx  minute;  tlio  radicle  ratlicr 
long. 

Trees  or  sbnibs  eliielly  indigenous  to  tlio  intortro[iioa!  regions  of 
America,  ■\vitli  ojiposito,  entire,  inipunetato,  featlier-nerveil  loaves, 
reiliinclcs  axillary,  1  to  :!-llo\vored,  each  tlowcr  with  a  pair  of  bractos. 
The  llowors  wiiito. 


*  One  of  till'  (irccl<  niiiiifs  I'lir  tlic    Priim'L'r:m;ilc.      (•'mini  is  a  eiirni[itiiin  iif 
llic  AliiC'i'ic:iM  ;ilii'ri;.;iMiil  iiiiiiii'  cf  (! iiiii/iiIhi. 


Ill 


;IA, 


0  ill 
oils, 
fivo 
■  the 
nne- 

tlic 

iii.i;  a 

1  llio 
iithcr 


IIS  ot 
.'ilVOS. 

actes. 


tion  iM 


I'l  XXV. 


I'lHiilhiiH  biixilblitiiu. 


Fh>ritfa  (iuartt 


Ctmrier  d»  la.  k'ltirutt 


Ill 
ill 
fU 
wi 
w 

til 
i; 
tt 

n 

is 
w 
u 

\' 

(i 

;i 
r( 
I'l 
ii 

V 


FLOUIDA    (UlAVA. 

I'.-iMi  M  in.NiMii.ir.M.  'lliil'i-iiiii,  raiii'il!''  t.  nl'ili'is  f'<'''-^  /»/,•(■'(/;>•.•../•»/.■,/< 
•Mmato-obiimUs  ulitmin  iiul»ii'.i,nHli"  <■  iii<ii-i)uic  nfnlidls,  y>.  J'/m-nhf  .~„hl(ini.s 
ini-/.v47'/;i/.s  iiiiijtiid'-;  J'nirtu  jii/rij't>niii. 

l-'or  a  !  -lowU'ilge  oi'  this  intuivsting  tree  or  s^linib  wo  arc 

iiiilclitiMl  to  till'  late  iiulcfatifiahle  Ur.  UaUlwiii,  who  met  with  it 

ill    soiiio   part  of  Kast    Flori(hi  lu-ar  the  river  St.  .loinis.     To 

i<how  liow  very  iiiiliki"  tliis  siiirirs  is  to  all  tia>  oliuTs  krowu.  it 

was    hastily  marked   hy  Mr,  Sciiweiiiit/,  in    his   lievhariiiiii.  (of 

wiiieli  tho  specimen  lonns  a  jiart.)  ••ijinrciis  v'nrii'<"  and  at  tiie 

first  hasty  ghince  some  resendjlaiice  may  liu   traced  witli   tho 

Live  Oak  in  tia-  U'af  and  twig;  Init,  of  conrse,  tho  presonco  of 

tlie  fruit  at  onoe  dispels  the  illu.-i<in. 

1  have  seen  hut  tho  sinjilo  spocimon  now  figured,  and  would 

roeommond  its  examination  to  some  future  traveller.     The  twig 

is  round,  covered  with  a  gray  bark,  and  at  nean'.istances  marked 

with  tho  cicatrices  of  opposite  fallen  leaves.     The  li'aves  on  the 

uiijier  hranchlets  are  crowded  together  in  opposite  pairs,  of  a 

very  thick,  opa(pio,  rigid  consistence,  and  appear  to  he  seinpcr- 

virent;  they  arc  perfectly  smooth  on  both  sides,  paler  beiieatli, 

dark-green    above,  cuneate-t)bovate,  olituso,  sometimes  with  an 

attempt  at  a  very  sliort  and  blunt  acumination.  with  the  margin 

rellccted,  and   beneath   marked  with    numerous   approxiinatin-^ 

foathored  nerves;    thoy  are   I'roin  one   inch   to  one  and   a  half 

inches  long  by  one-half  to  threo-ipiarlers  of  an  inch  wide.     Tho 

peduncles  are  axillary  and  solitary,  very  thick  in  the  IVuit-stalk, 

and  scarcely  two  lines  long.     Tho  llowers  1  have  not  seen.    The 

berry  is  blaekish-pnrple,  pear-shai)ed,  about  the  si/e  of  a  cherry. 

and  appears  to  have  boon  succulent,  as  us  lal;   internally  it  is 

filled  with  horizontal  rows  of  tlat,  sulironiforin,  pale-brownish, 

bouy  seod.s,  with  a  narrow  embryo  curved  into  tho  form  of  a 

11.-) 


no 


FLO  11 1  D  A     G  U  A  V  A. 


liorsi'shoe.  Tlic  cotjlcdoiis  an;  very  siniill,  and  in  the  (^eed  aro  of 
a  bright  waxy  yoUow.  Tliis  species  is  very  nearly  allied  to  the 
Piiqile-lVuited  Guava,  (P.  Cutllcianum,)  scarcely  dill'ering  in  any 
thing  but  the  sniallness  oi'  the  leaves  and  the  pyrifunn  fruit, 
though  the  leaves  of  the  Purple  Guava,  In'sides  being  much 
larger,  are  also  pubescent  when  you'.:;^.  Most  of  the  species  of 
this  genus  are  cultivated  in  the  tropics  for  thei".  fruit.  The  P. 
ji//ri/cniiii,  or  Common  Gnava,  bears  a  fruit  aljout  the  size  of 
a  hen's  egg,  yellowish,  with  a  pecidiar  odor;  the  pu'p  is  rather 
firm,  ilesh-colored,  sweet,  agreeable,  and  aromatic.  In  the  West 
Indies  it  is  highly  esteemed  by  all  classes,  Ijeing  eaten  raw,  as  a 
dessert,  or  formed  into  an  excellent  sweetmeat  and  jelly. 

'?f  the  fruit  of  the  Purple  Guava,  to  which  ours  is  so  closely 
related,  Lindlty  remarks,  "The  excellent  flavor  of  its  fruit, 
which  is  vei'y  like  that  of  strawberries  and  cream,  is  far  supe- 
ri(jr  to  either  I',  pur'ifcntin,  /Kimi/uniiii,  or  jjo/i/cdr/ti//!."  JMr. 
Sabine  remarks  of  the  IVuit  of  this  species,  "that  it  is  juicy,  of 
ii  consistence  much  like  that  of  a  strawberry,  to  which  it  bears 
some  resemblance  in  flavor." 

What  the  present  species  may  become,  when  cultivated,  re- 
mains to  be  proved;  but  in  a  genus  so  genenilly  interesting  for 
their  fruit,  the  exiieriment  is  worth  making  when  an  oppor- 
tunity may  oiler.  Probably  Dr.  Baldwin  I'ound  it  growing  near 
or  above  New  ►Smyrna,  as  ho  did  not  go  nnich  farther  into  the 
interior  (;f  East  Florida. 


PLATE  XXV. 

A  lir<i.iii:h  (if  the  nalund  aizc  in  fntil. 


I 


!  Oi 
the 
uiy 
uit, 
uch 
sof 
i  /'. 

I  ol' 

hfl- 

/'est 
LIS  a 

M-ly 
niit, 

II  po- 
xMr. 

',0f 

ears 


,  re 
;  for 
jpor- 
near 
tho 


4 


I'l.XX'Vl 


M 


fUrlinl  i;i/,/i''ilf//„ 


<'!ily|ilr;iiillies  tliylrjiciilui 


t/t  it/iuiii/Ji,'  ,/n  /rt/ftt/l 


C  A  L  Y  r  T  RANT  II  E  S.  ^ 

(SwAurz.) 


Niihintl  Or<h:r,  MyktACK.K.      Linwran  Chmsifiralioii,  TcoSANDKlA, 

jSIoNdGYNIA. 

Tiilic  of  tlic  ('"/(/.)•  oliovntp,  with  tlic  Ijordor  entire;  wlion  llowcniig, 
liiirstiiij^  cirei-liirly  in  tlio  iorni  of  ii  luteral,  and  nt  length  deei- 
(hious,  lid.  I'dnl  ■  none,  or  two  or  throe  iind  minute.  Slamcns  many. 
Sh/h'  one;  stli/ma  ;innilc.  Onin/  2  or  3-cellcd,  the  colls  2-seeded. 
The  /((/•/■//  liy  ahortion  1-celled,  1  to  4-seeded. 

Small  trees  of  the  We.st  India  Irtlaudd  and  •.;  IJrazil,  the  leaves 
with  pinnated  veins.  Flowers  small  and  uiimeroiis,  usually  in  axillary 
or  terminal  panieles. 


FORKED   CALYPTRANTIIES. 

Calyi'Thaxtiies  ciiYTKAcri.iA.  Arkinn,  fnUh  omlis  apirc  atlciitialis 
riijuliiiscidl;  (tcinuiii  tjldliri-'^,  pcdiuuidls  a.rillnri-la-,n!ii(dil>tis  tr!c/'ul<,iitis 
panictdtilis  Jforilim/uc  rufo-vdulinis.—DECA^o.,  Trod.,  vol.  iii.  p.  -JaT. 

C.  cuYTiiAC'iLiA.  Arborca,  jpcduncuUs  tcrminalibits  (richolomis  tomaitosis, 
JiiUis  orafi-s  npiir  nthnwdi'^.—iiviARTi,  Prod.,  p.  711;  Flor.  Ind.  Occid., 
vol.  ii.  p.  !t21. 


*Tlio  nuiiii'  fnim  xiunrrT/iu,  a  rnl,  and  uvfti?,  "  Jlmnr,  in  ullusion  to  tlic  opor- 
I'ullJ  fonu  of  tlif  c;ilyx. 


117 


118 


F  (J  H  K  E  1)     C  .\  1.  Y  1'  T  ]{  A  N  T  II  E  S. 


MVUTTS    CIIYTnArn.IA.  Polil)iriii:.<i    iVrJiotmilis    p/lili'riil,i/:.i    fiiiimi/iisix, 

fiiliii  f/rriihii.t  siilidi-tith  UrmiiKtVJi'lfi. — Lix.v,,  Aiikpii.  Aciidoiii.,  vol.  v. 
p.  StiS.     SwAHTZ,  Olisorv..  ]..  202. 
Clii/frdi'iilifi.  urbdirn,  fullis  urutis  f/hibris  oppositi.'',  I'arnnis  Irrmivililius. 
— Bkowx,  Jamaic,  p.  2^9,  t.  37,  li,?.  2. 

EniKXIA  TALMCNS?      I'OIUKT,  Slljipl.,  Vol.  ill.  ]i.  122. 

Tins  plant  forms  an  oloiraiit  ami  cnrions  small  troi',  witli  Iiavd 
woikI,  and  in  Janiaicu  is  ad'onntod  an  oxcfUent  timlicr;  but  tlu' 
trunks  siddiini  fxci'cd'fourtiH'n  or  fifteen  inelies  in  diameter, 
in  Jamaica  it  is  found  in  the  dry  nionntaiu-lands ;  it  is  also 
indigenous  to  the  islands  of  St.  Tlujnnis  and  riuadalou[)e.  and  it 
has  now  also  lieen  found  on  Key  West  by  Dr.  I'lodirett. 

The  hranches  ajjpear  to  he  poveri'd  wiili  a  gray  and  smooth 
hark.  The  leaves,  when  in  hud,  as  well  as  tiie  j'oriug  hranches, 
llower-stalks,  and  calyx,  are  clad  with  a  slujrt,  soft,  ferruginous 
down,  Avhicli  wholly  disa[)pears  from  the  Iciives  as  they  advance 
in  thi'ir  deveIo])ineut ;  they  are  of  a  lanceolate-ovate  form, 
mirrowed  into  a  short  petiole  helow;  above,  acuminate  but 
obtuse;  beneath  they  are  distinctly  jiennate-nerved,  and  too 
opaque  to  admit  the  light  through  the  resinous  glands  with 
which  they  are  nevertheless  provided :  they  are  about  two 
inches  long  by  an  inch  in  width.  The  llowering  panicles  are 
trichotomous,  usually  ti.'rininal,  and  c(msiderably  ramified.  The 
llowers  are  small  and  whitish,  from  the  color  of  the  stamens. 
The  cal\x  is  ferruginous  and  tomentose,  formed  of  a  small 
obovate  I'vt'u  cup;  the  whole  border,  separating  in  a  circular 
manner.  Hies  over  to  one  side,  in  the  foi'm  of  a  rouudt'd  petal, 
from  whence  issue  the  numerous  liliforni  stauu'us  with  small 
whitish  anthers.  Tlie  germinal  fruit  api)ears  small,  dry,  and 
tomentose;  but  I  am  unacquainted  with  it  in  a  ripe  state. 


PLATE  XXVI. 

A  linuii-h  I'f  the  tmlnnil  .'-Ci'.     u.  A  Jhin  r  iniKjtiiJhil,  .■^liuirin;/  the  latcnil 

lulltil'LldX  of  the  lid  of  (hi:  rilli/.r. 


E  U  G  E  N  I  A. 

(MiCllKLI,  LiXN.) 


Nulnml  Order,  MyrtACE.E.     Linwran  Chiss'ifiaitlun,  ItOSANDRiA, 

MONOCVNIA. 

Thf  tube  of  tlio  cahir  roimaisli,  with  the  border  ileejily  4-parteil. 
]\hls  four.  SUniicna  many,  frco.  Onirn  2  to  H-ccUed,  tbo  eell^^ 
containiu,!;  soveviil  ovules.  Bonn  sub-irlobone,  crowned  will,  the 
Iicrsistin.LT  cmIvx;  when  mature,  1  or  rarely  2-cellcd.  Sccb  (uie  or 
tw,^  roundish  and  lariro.  The  embryo  pseudo-monocotyledonous, 
{\xa\oUiUd„uH  very  thiek  an,l  wholly  blended  together,  the  rndick 
more  or  less  distinct  and  very  short. 

These  are  trees  or  shrubs  mostly  indigenous  to  the  Caribbean  Is- 
lands, or  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  The  leaves  and  intlores- 
eenco  arc  verv  similar  to  those  of  the  i^fyrtles. 


*  Po  iKmUMl  in  lumor  ..f  Princo  Eugene  of  Savoy,  who  was  a  pvoteeler  an,l 
eiieoura-er  of  botany,  ami  possessed  a  botanic  jrardeu. 


llil 


S^LVLL-LEAYED   EUGEXIA. 


El.'dEN'IA  DICIIOTOJIA.  J'i'ilmir(ilj,s  (i.rilliniljiis  opposHi.';  d  siilitrnnin/ilihils 
folio  bmijinrihiis  liifulis  ant  liis  liijhlin,  Jlorihiis  in  (lichntoiniis  fisaililms 
cdlcris  'pcdiedhitis,  fuUii  dliplico-l'incculdtis  ianl  uUtnuaUs  jxlldrldo- 
2>Hnctati!<,  cuhdlis  (jlahris,  juniiirlhiis  ttlrinfjHc  rnnudis  calycibuf^quc  i^ubcit- 
ccnWous. — Decand.,  I'rod.,  vol.  iii.  p.  278. 

Myrtus  (liiholomn. — Vahl !  ^IS8.,  Poiret,  Supiilcni.,  vol.  iv.   p.  5:]? 

/9  FUAIillAN;^,  foliiS   oralis  f/l'ihrix.      EutiEXIA    FKA(iUA.VS.      WiLM).,  Sp. 

ri.,  vol.  ii.  p.  9G4.     Bot.  Magaz.,  t.  1242.     U.  munkua,  Auul., 
Guian.,  vol.  i.  p.  41t.3,  t.  IDo  ? 
EuiiENiA  ilintrlcal'-i,  Lam.,  Encyu.,  p.  202. 

Tins  elegant  and  fragrant  species  of  Eugenia,  resembling  a, 
Myrtle,  becomes,  at  Key  West,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgott,  a 
tree.  It  is  also  indigenous  to  the  islands  of  St.  Domingo  and 
Cuba,  where  specimens  have  been  collected  by  I'oiteau  and  La 
Sagra.  The  variety  /ivijraiw  (for  such  I  must  consider  it)  is  a 
native  of  the  high  mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  Jam.aica 
and  Martinique,  and,  if  the  same  with  Aublet's  K  nioiifana, 
is  also  a  native  of  Guiana.  The  K.  fi-<i(/r>iiis  has  many  years 
since  been  collected  by  Dr.  Baldwin,  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Smyrna,  in  Enrt  Florida. 

The  wood  of  Jl  dlairimta,  according  to  Lamarck,  is  hard, 
olose-grr.ined,  and  reddish,  .and  is  much  esteemed  for  articles  of 
furniture.  The  wood  of  the  Florida  Tree  is  exactly  similar; 
while  that  of  E.  moatana,  according  to  Aublet,  is  hard,  com- 
pact, and  white. 

The  branches  of  the  plant  now  figured  are  covered  with  a 
smooth,  light-gray  or  silvery  bark,  and  at  the  summits  are 
crowded  witli  small,  shining,  almost  oparpie,  leaves,  but  yet 
interspersed  with  the  usual  i-esiuous  vesicles  of  tlie  genus ;  they 
are  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  and  about 
three-ijuarters  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  Tiiostly  elli[)ti('  or  elliptic- 


f-J 


■i 


:l 


I'l  WVII 


<■/«////  Irarrt/  f.'rtt/cma  I'mtn         /  i/irA, ■/,'///, 


SM  A  liL-hH  A  V  Kl)     K  I'  <i  M  N  I  A. 


liil 


oMoiijr.  and  alwiiys  iiiirrowtMl  holow;  sometimes  tliey  iire  iieurly 

limceoliite  and  ohtiise  at  the  point ;  scarcely  any  veins  are  visi- 

bif  on  citlici'  side,  but  tiie  iiiidril)  is  iiromincnt  bciiciitb.     The 

young  leaves,  Imds,  peduncles,  ami   calyx   are  clothed  with  a 

close,  short,  hoary   pubescence,  wliieh   in  the  variety  /rtujriuis 

is  nuicli   less  distinct  or  almost  wanting.     Tlu'   peduncles  are 

axiihny,  coming  out  toward  the  sinnmits  oi"  the  branches,  and 

are  of  various  lengths,  sonu'times  only  a  little  longer  than  the 

leaves,  at   otiier   times  crowded   into    tricliotomous    branchlets 

two  or  three  times  longer  tlian  the  leaves ,  in  their  most  simjile 

form,  except  by  the  al'orlion  of  tiie  lateial  buds,  tiny  ternunate 

in  three  llowers,  the  central  one  sessile   in   the   fori\,  and   the 

lateral  ones  on  longisli,  diverging  pedicels;  al  otiier  times  the 

peduncles  are  twice  trifid,  or  even  more  ramified,  and  lengthened 

out  ver}'  much  in  the  progressive  ripening  of  the  fruit.     The 

segments   of  the   calyx   are   always    fo\ir.   broad   and   rounded, 

covered  with  resinous  cists  or  vesicles,  and  pubescent  or  ciliate 

on  the  margins.     The  pt'tals  arc  likewise  rounded  or  concave, 

whitish,    witli    a    tingo    of   red.     The    stamens    are   lunnerous. 

Style  simple  and  sul)ulate.     Tin;  berry  at  length  only  l-.seedcd. 

There  arc  a  pair  of  miinite,  subulate  bractes  under  the  base  of 

each  l!ower-l)ud,  but  .so  deciduous  that  they  are  seldom  to  be 

seen. 

One  of  the  specimens  of  the  variety  //v(_(//vo/.s  from  New 
Smvrna,  has  very  slender  twigs;  and  on  the  same  specimen 
there  are  obtuse  and  very  K/iiifiili/-wii/i;  leaves.  In  this  also 
tin'  peduncles  are  chieliy  axillary.  This  plant  is  nearly  as 
fragrant  as  the  connnon  Myrtle. 

PLATE  X.WII. 

A  hnnirli  nj'  lltr  tinliirdl  si:,\     a.  Tin  jh'iri  r 'i  lilllf  ,  iilnn/fl.     It.  '/'I'f  //.)•/■//, 
iij'  llic  mitiii'iil  stZi'. 


IV.— H* 


TALL   EUGENLV. 


EriiF.XIA    I'llOCKHA.        I'oliirllis    iliiljlnri.^     uj-illdrilidf:    ^-\-f<)iifi  rlis    fi'tii) 

hrcviorlbiis  sub  Jhirc  liilirdchtihiti!',  fAiis  ovilis  ol/lnxc  iicdniiiintls  rn- 
iimqiie.  (jhibris. — Poiisct,  Siiinil.  P^iK-yc,  vol.  ii.  p.  l'2!l.  Dkcand., 
Trort.,  vol.  iii.  p.  208. 
^^vu■n•s  ruocEUA.  rtildiifulis  rudfirds  (mllaribns  vmjlurh^fulds  uniiix 
acuinmalis:  phidi"  f/fd.hri's,  rddii.^  finjdHs,  rdulc  urlmrro. — Swaktz,  Ti'od., 
p.  77.  Flor.  Iiul.  Occident.,  vol.  ii.  p.  887.  W'ili.u.,  Sp.  pi., 
vol.  iv.  p.  itiJS. 

Tins  is  aiiutluT  plunt  witli  tlie  aspi'ct  ui'  ii  Myrtle,  wiiicli 
becomes  a  tri'e  and  attains  an  i'l('\ati()n  of  twciiiy  to  tliirty 
fet't.  It  was  discovered  liy  Swart/,  in  tiie  linests  of  the  interior 
of  Ilispaniola.  It  is  likewise  indii^iMKUis  to  the  islands  of  Mar- 
tinique and  Santa  Cnr/,,  and  has  now  been  Ibinid  coinnion  on 
Key  West  by  the  same  gentleman  who  met  with  the  pre- 
ceding .species. 

The  wood  appcu's  to  be  white  and  close-;  i-iineJ.  The  twijjjs 
are  clothed  with  a  light  gray,  almost  white  and  silvery,  hark, 
and  are  spreading  and  sonn'tiines  zigzag.  The  leaves  ar(!  on 
short  jietioles  or."  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  by 
an  inch  to  an  inch  ami  a  half  wid".  ovate-acnniiuate,  and  ob- 
tuse, rather  opaque,  nearly  scentless,  though  provided  witii  the 
usual  resinous  vesicles,  and  from  the  bud  (hey  are  perfectly 
,«mooth.  The  llowers  are  said  to  be  fragrant,  and  come  out  ou 
separate  axillary  peduncles,  from  two  to  foui'  logetlier;  the 
pedui'i'les  at  first  are  not  more  than  three  or  four  lines  long, 
but  grow  out  at  length  to  the  extent  of  half  an  inch.  Tiie  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  are  four,  rounded  and  Ijroad,  rough,  with 
aromatic  vesicle.',  but  smooth.  Tin;  p(,'tals,  four,  are  rounded 
and  concave,  slightly  ciii.'ited,  and  ap[ii'ai'  to  liave  lireii  reddisji 
white.     iStameiis  numerous,  the   anthers   wliilish.     The  berry 

spherical,  brow  lisli  yellow,  about    tin'  si/.e  of  a  grain  of  Mack 
122 


< 


r.iliitMii:!  |ii(H'fr:i 


A///  // 


•t^etu 


/,f/n/fi>:tttT  f/fn 


rngmm 


i 


Pl.XXIX 


Htkf  letivftl  thtfft'tnti. 


K"f^eiiiit  iMixiroiia 


ltiinhi*.firr  It  fhit  'h.v  ilftnii.v. 


pep 
Mild 
lir.sl 
l-se 

IIOV 

tllil 

dill 


.1  L 


I 
I 
\ 


Nh 


liii 

I'Dl 

he 
til 


liUX- LEAVED     EUdENlA. 


\-l:i 


\)v[)\n'r,  stiuldinl  over  witli  mmuToiis  gliiiids  or  iiroiiiatic  cists, 
and  irowiu'd  with  tlio  hroiid,  persisting  border  of  tiie  eulyx  ;  at 
(irst  2-eelled,  with  several  ovnles ;  at  length  the  berry  is  oidy 
l-seeded;  the  seed  large,  witli  no  distinct  cotyledons.  It 
liowers  in  April.  The  size  of  the  leaves  a[ipears  to  vary,  .so 
that  in  some  .specimens  they  are  uniibrmly  only  about  hall'  the 
dimen.sions  we  have  given. 


PLATE  XXVIII. 

.1  hnoich  of  the  v.atand  aizr.  and  if  /In   hn/i-lnii-cl  hind.     a.  A  cliidlif  </ 

tlic  bcrric'". 


BOX-LEAVED   EUGEXIA. 

EriM:NI.\  r.UXIKdl.I.V.     I'ldniu-idifi  nj-'dhdulina  rniiin^i^  ii\(dlijh,ri-'  In'i  (■(.-■'«/;/('>■, 
ludirclh'.'!    Sidl    ll'ifC    li:lil-'lr/,nl(ll!y,fiilJi--i  ol/OVatO-ohllinrjis   iilitilsj.l    htl.'<:  ,ll/i- 

nu(iti-'<  opftr(.<  stili/iin  pinirlntig  m(ii-<i'iic  sidirci-dbili-i. — Dkcanu.,  I'l-dd., 

vol.  iii.  p.  27').     Wii.i.D.,  Sp.  pi.,  V..I.  ii.  p.  HOO. 
MvuTC's   juxiriii.iA.     Ji'iiriindis  linrisM'in!.'!   niiifii'li>:   nxiU'iriln'-',  Jnlun 

vuiicalis  oliliiiKjiii  iMiisis  coiivcxiiiscidi-i.—^wwiTi,  I'rod.,  p.  VS.     Fk)r. 

Ind.  Occid.,  vol  ii.  p.  8!)9.     31.  imidimhi  ?  HwAiirz,  Elor.  Iiul.  Occid., 

vol.  ii.  p.  Hit.S. 
Mvicri-s  AXILLARIS.     I'oiKKT,  Diet.,  vol.  iv.  [).  412,  (lion  Swarl/..)     M. 

I'lilnli,  Spreng.  Syst.,  vol.  ii.  p.  4S:1. 

This  pliint,  also  a  native  of  Cuba,  St.  Domingo,  and  .Tamnica, 
hiis  lieen  observed  at  Key  West  hy  Dr.Blodgett,  where  it  is  very 
coinmon  in  sterile  places,  aflecting  the  vicinity  of  the  sea,  and 
becoming  a  tree  of  about  twenty  feet  in  height,  with  a  hard, 
white,  close-grained  wood.  The  bark  is  whitish-gray  and  even  ; 
the   twi'is  are  slender,  and  chiel'.y  clothed   with   leaves  toward 


121 


I!  ( )  X  -  h  K  A  \  E  I)    E  U  G  E  N  I  A. 


tlicir  smiiinits;  [hoy  aw  wcd^o-obloiij;-,  Honu'tiiiu'H  alninst  hinccch 
latf,  ol)tiisL',  and  ahvajH  iiariMwcd  liidow  into  a  luiiuiti'  [it'tioli', 
^io  tliiit  tlii'v  ai)j)t'ai"  to  he  nearly  .^ess^ile,  ahovt;  of  a  daikisli 
f:reeii  and  .somewhat  shiuinjx,  beneath  ihdl  and  jialci'.  ^h  iid(  riy 
nerved  heuealh,  soniewliat  opanne,  pnnctate,  and  nli.ulitly  i'e\(>- 
hite  on  the  margin;  they  are  abont  one  and  a  hall'  ineiies  long  by 


one-liair  to  tint 


'•([ni 


irters  of  an  iiuli  wide.    The  llower.s  are  vei 


.'iniall,  in  axillary  branching  elnsters  of  three  to  seven  together 
on  tln^  minnte  and  \ory  short  bracteate  raceme;  tlii're  are  two 
niinnte  liraeteoles  nnder  each  llower;   the  calyx  as  well  as  the 

than  twice  the  leniith  of  the  cdvx.     The  ealvx,  racemes,  and 


tals  are  studded  with  resinous  glands,  and  tiie  latter  are  nion 


twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  The  calyx, 
minute  liranehlets  iire  covered  with  a  close  lirownish  pubescence. 
Tile  llowers  are  2>f>fi/!/iuii<>iix,  on  many  sjiecinu'ns  sterile,  though 
furnished  witii  the  jiistilhun;  and  nuuiyof  the  llowering  clusters 
are  produced  on  the  mdied  branches  where  they  have  been  pre- 
ceded by  the  former  leaves.  The  berry  is  dark  brown,  covered 
with  resinous  glands  or  cists,  about  the  si/e  of  a  grain  of  black 
])e[)[)er.  and  when  mature  C(jntains  one  or  moie  (rarely  two) 
large  seed.s  in  one  or  two  colls,  with  blended,  Inseparable  c(jty- 
ledons. 


PLATE   XXIX. 

A  briuu-h  of  tin;  naUiral  size.     (t.  A  Jlnu-cr  iiil((ri/ul.     h.  Thckiri).     r.  A 
Inrri/  willt  two  cttln. 


I    A.WIl. 


1^ 

N. 


^ 


/m/itifi  .f/fmnn/ 


Tci'iuiiuillU    i-:Uj(|i|i:i 


A\tiiti/.'/ifr  </*'  •  /^'/'^,//ji// 


INDIAN   ALMOND. 


ya/nral  Onhr,  CoMnuETArK.r,  (H.  r.ruwn.)     L!,n>mm  6'm..v/>/nt- 
tij)i.  Dkcaxdui.v,  Mo.nugvma. 

TEPvMIXALIA.    (Linn.  Dixanl.) 

Klnw.is  orteu  roLY.iAMois  lV„>u  ul,o,h..n.-15onU.r  of  tlie  r.h/.r  a.'.i- 
auo.,s.  ,.nui,anu!ulo,  r.-d.fl,  ihe  .livi.U.ns  a...t..  J>,f'rls  mm.. 
:,.„„/„s  lei,,  in  a  .louble  vow,  long..  tLau  the  calyx.  (Mn;>,  %v.tU 
two  (.r  rlMTO  ovalos.      %/■'  iilitornu  so.n.wliat  lu-ulr.     i/nV-  ""t 

.,,ow I   hx  tlK'  ralyx,  cfi-.u  .li-y,  in.Ul.^ceuV.  l-se..l.a.     The  .cal 

i-oseniblinix  an  ahiuuia.     C-'///.^/-/'-  spirally  .M.nvoh.te. 

Trees  of  the  largest  si/.o  or  shruhs,  >vltl,  alternate  or  rarely  opposho 
l^,,ve-^  crou-aea  toward  the  extremities  of  the  l.ranches,  a.,.!  henee 
,l,e  tjenerie  name.  Flowers  in  spikes:  the  spikes  in  r..eeines  or 
pani'eles,  l.isexual  in  the  lower  part,  and  male  in  t!,e  n;.per. 

S  1.  Catappa,  (C^erlner.)  The  drjpc  co„q,ns.ol,  v:llh  the  n.mjm 
u-mrjvd  or  ini-ii-h,  (ilkiniatal. 


CATAPrA,  OR  INDIAN   ALMOND. 

Ti-niM  1  n  M.rA  e  vr.s ppa.    7'o///.s  ohnvaU,  km  allnnmli^  ^»l>lir.  moUllrr  p>,hr.<. 

DKrAM..',  I'roa.,  vol.  iii.  p.  H.     Ltnn-,  -M'^""^-  V"  ■'^'*- 
TniMINAl,.A  CATAIM-A.     Leaves  uhont  the  extrennties  of  the  hraneh- 
lets  on  slant  petioles,  ohovate,  enneiite,  and  attennalea,  at  the  same 
time  slh^ditlv  eordu'e  at   the   base,  a   little  repand,  with   a   large 


12G 


CATAl'J'A,    () 


IMJIA.X     AL.MOMD. 


oprc 


(1   i;l;in(l  lu'iicatli  on  each  side  tlic  tiiiilrih  iiciiv  lljo  l)iis 


ili 


Miliiai'v,  siiiiplv 


sliortc 


or   IliMii  the  loaves;  (InqK! 


i>\al,  i'.iiiiih'c.-s(m1.  i;Ialir'ius,  «  illi  olcxatcd  naxirular  iiiarj;'iiis.  cDiivr 


liiitli  r-i(lo:-. —  Ai'.NnT,  I'l'dd.  Iiiil.  (»ii(  lit.,  vol.  i.  p.  813. 


AClfllN  S 


J.-,  w 


I.  i.  tah.  Ill" 


Illiist.  tah.  848,  tiir.  1.     A'I'i 


liiiKKi),  Flora  Malaharica,  vol.  iv.  talis.  :]  and  t.     Tuuuicv  and  Uuav, 


F!or.  X.  A 


HUT.,  vol.  1. 


4S;1 


"[> 


A((iiiii)iNf;  to  Tonry  and  Gray,  Dr.  llaslor  lias  discovered  this 

rn  Florida.     A  \arit'ty  ol'  it  is  known  to 


did  t 


roe  ui  >outlii. 


I'.Mst  ni 


the  C 


iribiiean 


Islands,  which    llinahoiilt   and    Knnth 


iniaiiincd  to  hi>  intro(hiced;  hnt  I'or  tiiis  supposition  there  is  pro- 
bahly  no  snilicient  uroinul,  us  Poitean  euliectcd  it  in  thi'  forests 
t)f  St.  Doniinjio,  < 
near  eonjiener,  il  no 
Anblet, — iiis  T<iiii/>< 


■il  I 


Kive  a  .xneennen  now  InMore  me 


ipe 


t  tl 


le  siune  tliunr.  was  lounc 


d  in  ( 


iniana  h 


'>■ 


;  vet  the  favorite  reuion  of  it.s  e.\istence  is 


in  tlie  tro[)ieal  l'or(>sts  of  India,  on  liie  sandy  and  jirs  .('lly  coast;- 


.f  Malab; 


ir,  ai 


id  in  tlie  island  of  Java:  it  tl 


injr  to   liheed.  a  very  laru'e 
form,  like   that  ol'  a   loftv  S 


K'l'e 
and  splendid  tree 


ronies,  accore 


P.>' 


pri 


the  leafy  snnimit  lieinii'  eom- 


jiosed  of  al!iiost-hori/,(jiital  brandies  disposed  in  circular  sta.ucs. 
Its  wood  is  white,  wvy  hard,  e(nered  witli  a  smooth  gray  bark 


w 


hicl 


1  IS  re I 


1  witl 


iin. 


Tlie  leaves,  situated  near  to  the  extre 


un- 


ties of  the  branchlets,  six  or  seven  together,  at  intervals,  form 

lioiit  si,\  111  niiK' 


or 


circular  clusters  of  great  regularity;  they  are  a 
inches  long  by  three  to  five  Mide,  of  an  inver.sel}-ovoid 
cuneate-oval  ligiiiv,  widening  towanl  the  summit,  where  they 
become  almost  round,  with  a  short,  abrupt,  slanting  ])oint  in  the 
centre,  narrowed  and  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  nearly 
entire,  or  obscurely  though  sometimes  \cry  distinctly  erenulated 
on  the  border,  green  and  snuiotli  aixjve,  slightly  imbeseent 
beneath;  the  young  leaves  and  shoots,  as  well  as  the  peti(jles, 
ilothed  with  a  brown  and  close  tomentum.     The    llowers   are 


mall,  without  scent,  of  a  whitish  'i 


rccii.  aie 


1  di 


III   iireat 


ibers  ill  se\'eral  almost  terminal  a.\illary  slender  spikes;  'hey 


C  A  T  A  r  r  A,    ( » 1!     I  X  I)  I  A  N     A  L  M  ( »  X  D. 


nre  nearly  sessile,  with  oadtieous,  coiieiive,  oval,  [lointt'd  braetes. 
The  ealyx  contains  a  small,  ver^-  hairy,  u-toothed  eup.  The  spikes 
are  not  as  long  as  the  leaves.  The  IVuit  is  an  elliptic  shell,  a 
little  compressed,  glabrous,  surromideil  with  an  (devated  margin, 
eon\ex  on  both  sides,  and  reddish  brown  when  mature.  This 
druiie  includes  an  oblong,  very  hard  mit,  of  one  cell,  con- 


el  ry 

taining  a  white  kernel,  of  a  taste  appro; 

filbort-nut.  but  more  oily  and  soluble. 


diing   to  that  of  the 


In  India  it  is  also  cultivated  in  gardens.     The  large  al 


mon( 


like  kernels  of  its  nuts  are  eaten  and  served  at  the  Ijest  tables. 
An  oil  is  obtained  from  the  kernels  by  expression,  similar  to  that 
of  the  olive,  which  is  said  never  to  become  rancid.     It  is  made 


ii-t 


o  enudsions   lilvc   alniom 


ds 


The    Indians 


)U 


the 


leaves  medicinally  for  indigestion,  bilious  allections,  and  other 


ma 


ladi 


PLATE   .\X.\ir. 

tU  I'linirli  i,f  IIh   ii'iliinti  .■^hr.     </.  Tla  j/mn  r.      !•.   ?}■■  mil. 


TirmiiKiliii  11  ii::iiiii  has  a  milky  saji.  and  was  believed  to  pro- 
duce the  iien/.oic  acid,  which,  however,  is  now  doubted. 

Anothei-  of  the  species,  Ti  iiniiKtUn  nnii.r.  is  said  to  afford  the 
celebrated  Chinese  and  .Iapane.-<e  varnish  used  in  their  lacipier- 
ware.  This  tree  grows  on  the  mountains  of  sevei'al  of  the 
southern  jirovinces  of  China,  and  in  the  Moluccas.  It  jiossesscH 
a  lactescent  Juice,  which,  as  well  as  its  exhidatious  <'ven.  are  said 
to  be  deleterious;  but  the  kernels  of  its  fruits,  like  those  of  the 
Catappa.  are  perfectly  hannless  and  agreeabU'.  vVt  Batavia, 
re'jular  plantiitions  are  nuulcof  th(>  Tiniiiiiiilin  Muhicrdiin.'m  the 
gardens  and  places  of  public  resort,  for  the  sake  of  its  agreesdili' 
shade. 


CONOCARPUS.* 


((i.iniiN'i-.r,.) 


K,iliir.il   0,;hr.  CoMBUF.TACK.K.     Uininmi  y.l„s.iJhvl!on,  Pextan- 

DlilA,  MnXdCVNIA. 

The  flowors  .l<'ns..lv  M^tr.vir^.l' <1  i"  irl"lmlar  or  oblo,.-  s,.U<.-liko 
funents.-rulK'  (.f  tlie  ,„/./,,■  :.boul  the  hni-lh  <.f  ihc  ovary,  pw- 
sist.nt;  iho  honh.r  r.-.-h.lt.  /'. /"/^  m-nc  «,o»rv-.?  five  to  ten.  ox"- 
Rorte.1;  tlie  anthers  heart-shape.l.  Oran/  coinpresse.!,  contannns 
two  ovuh's.  The  fnnl.^  eoria.'e..ns,  corky,  and  seah'-like.  cU,sely 
inihrieatecl,  an.l  inaehiseent.      (o/yuA-/-.  spirally  e.nuolute. 

Sn.all  .narUin>o  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  entire,  somewhat 
coriaecous  loaves.  Tlea.U  ui  llowers  peaunenlate,!,  axillary,  or  ternu- 
nal,  solitary  or  in  panicles. 


BUTTON  TREE. 

i;,<,nuh,h.;..    cnp;n,V.    ,w.;,../-//..-I)i:.'AN„.,   rro,l.,  vol.    n.   p.   K-. 
Ja<x,.,  An.er..  p.  TS,  t.  oJ.     ('ATiisuv's  Carolina,  i.  :):i. 
«,/,7^o,w.— l)KeANl>.,  1.  e.  -,     ,    ,  ,        1 

C„ -.  ..  cr<rU,.    Fruits  retnnvely  i.nhrieate.l  in  a  suhglo.iose  head, 

somewhat  hort-shape,l,  serrcely  ^vin^e,l;  tube  of  the  ealyx  not 
,,,,„lueed  hevond  the  ovary;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  mostly  acute 
or  aeunnn.te  at  each  en,l,  usually  with  two  d^'".ls  at  the  base; 
heads  panicled.-TouuKV  and  (iiiAV,  Flor.  K  An,er.,  vol,  ..  p.  48... 

'^V^^^^^^r^  -"/"^"M  »  /'■"'"'.  ''"  ff""  rmiubUug  lUo  cone  of  ua 
Vix, 


not 


48;' 


ko 


ii.it 


im- 


Ki 


of  ttU 


4 


I'l  XXMll. 


RITTOX     THEE. 


12!i 


M<iii<jl«ihi  iii-lmr  CiiniKiarira  f<illis  .ialii/iii.<. — IfKiiM..  I'liriul.  I'.at.     Com- 

MKi.iX,  Ifdi-t.  Auist.,  II.  llf),  uiiin.  ic. 
Abiiis  niiiri/iiiKi.  iiiiirl'ij'iilid  i-dnartuniin. — I'lik.,  Aliiiiiu;.,  1'^,  t.  'J40,  t'.  S. 
Ahii  fructti  laurifulia  arlmr  inaril'mta. — Si.uani:,  Jiiiri.  Hist.,  ii.  ji.  IS,  t. 

l(Jl,  f.  2. 
Jiiiioiiiinnlii. — I'l.r.M.,  ic.  1:!.'),  t.  144,  f.  2. 

This  is  iinutlu-r  tropicul  AWst  Indiiin  trco  wliiuli  Uk.'  soiitlicrn 
cxtivinity  of  Ivist  Florida  liiis  allurdcd.  It  liiis  hccii  oliscrvcd 
(111  tlic  slioiv  ()('  Key  Wt'st,  Suutliorn  Floridii,  iiiid  iinmrid  'I'aiiipa 
Hay.  Ill  tiio  AW'.st  Indies,  liko  tlic  MaiiiiTovc,  with  wliieli  it 
urow.-^,  and  for  a  i<ind  of  wliicli  it  is  taken  by  tiie  Spaniards, 
wlio  call  it  MiiiKjIc  Sanii/OfKi,  it  aifects  the  low  sand}'  and  niiidd}- 
shores  near  tlio  sea,  where  it  Iieeoines  an  erect  tree  aliowt  thirt\' 
fi'et  high,  with  the  trunk  a  foot  in  diainetcr,  having  a  sinootli, 
whitish-gray  hark  and  angular  branchlets.  In  South  .\inerica 
it  also  e>:ists  on  the  coast  of  f!naya(|uil,  and  in  Ciiili.  near  \'al- 
paraiso.  In  a  country  where  the  finest  kinds  of  wood  arc  so 
coinnion,  that  of  the  Button  Tree  is  little  esteemed,  and  it  is. 
llierefore,  only  used  for  fuel;  it  is.  however,  line  and  close- 
grained,  in  the  hranches  brownish  white,  capable  of  a  high 
])olish.  with  scarci'ly  any  visible  annual  layers,  and  made  uji 
almost  wholly  of  dotted  medullary  rays.  The  general  aspect  of 
its  inllorescence,  and.  indeed,  its  closely-imbricated  inelegant 
beads  of  llowcrs,  K'ad  us  almost  to  compare  it  with  some  of  the 
Amciihirca;  particularly  the  .\lder,  while  its  real  relations  are  t(j 
the  ])resent  famil}',  which  includes  in  the  C<niihnlinii  itself,  and 
the  singularly-splendid  Cdconrla  of  Aublet,  some  of  the  most 
elegant  and  beantil'ul  of  plants. 

The  bark  is  gray,  liitterish,  and  astringent,  and  no  doubt 
medicinal.  The  leaves,  of  a  yellowish  green,  are  from  two  to 
three  inches  long,  three-quarters  to  an  inch  broad,  acute  at  each 
end,  very  smooth,  and  on  short  jietioles,  which  have  fre((iiently 
two  glands  at  the  base.  The  llowcrs,  i'lr  which  buttertlies  have 
a  great    predilection,   are    very   incons  licuous.  grei'iiish  yellow. 

Vol..  IV.-'J 


130 


lU'TTON    TI}  !•:[•:. 


small,  and  cnlU'ftcil  into  gluhoso  heads,  in  axillary  and  terminal 

I'ew-liowered  panir 

Udi. 


les  on  iiedicels  al)out  tlie  k'nutli  of  tlio  ca 


The  heads   at    k'ni:tli   liecdme  reddish:  th 


ip; 


pi- 
ades  are 


small  and  scale-like,  cork}-,  dilated  elliptic,  Internally  concave, 
with  bnjad,  thin,  carinated  mar^^ins,  smd  are  very  ol'ten  abortive, 
never  more  than  1-seeded,  and  imhesceiit  at  the  sunnnit. 


The  island  of  Co 


iflbrd; 


s  another    illie( 


1  hut 


vi'ry  distinct 


iriii-iniilii  iiK  o 


)f  Jii 


icipun,  ]ait  (iown 


species,  which  may  i  the  C.  2 
as  a  variety  of  the  ])resent  by  Decandolle;  the  cidyx,  however, 
is  almost  entirely  smooth,  with  very  acute  segments,  and  the 
leaves  are  sharply  apiculated,  and  sometimes  obtuse  with  a 
short  ])oiiit.  In  this  the  wood  appears  to  be  ver}'  hard,  and  m.< 
close-grained  as  mahogany,  of  a  dull  white,  inclining  to  giny, 
with  a  delicate  featheri'd  appciirance,  and  a  thick  baik,  gray 
externally  and  blackish  within. 

According  to  Prince  Afaxiniilian,  the  liiirl<  of  tlie  ('iniiKiirpiix 
run  i/iif.'iii  (one  of  the  ]ilants  called  Mangrove  in  IJra/ii)  is  nuich 
used  at  liio  .buu'iro  f<ii'  tainiing. 


pL.\Ti;  xxxirr. 

A   Irnnirh   <j   Ihr  ),iiliii-'(l  .w';r.      n.    Thr  jh.ir.r.     A.    Tin- Jh-:i,  of  the 
iKiliirnl  ■•<'ii .     c.    '/'In' smiK' iiiiii/iiiliiil. 


«. 

:« 


I  % 


SILKY  r.uTTox  tui:e 


t.'iiNiiCAlU'l.S     i:IlF.l'TA. 


)•  sr.uii'KA,  (Vin-^ 


{rr,    111     llil'l 


rilrril.)        /•''/(' 


llllbuKjix     Itll'ilUlllC     (lilllll, 


iiill.i  ad  ntriiin'iiiy  p'lij'di'dn  it^nii  a 


hili;. 


!"■' 


i-.<.s't'  fi'll<j.s(i-s-irii'it-s 


—  DlXA.M).,  I'l'i 


vol.  111.  p 


M,ii,i/lr  fota.i  ulihwiiin  liiio/ri.t  KliiwjiK:  nxMl  Imuh/n 


luiljiiLI'liXd  (Ji 


•hdiiA'Ua. — 


tSLUANli, 


Hist.  .J mil.,  vol.  ii.  1).  07,  talj.  1«7,  lii,^  2. 


ACCOUDI.NT, 


to    SI 


OIUH' 


this  tree  is  ivuown  in  Jiinmicii  l)y  the 


iiiinio  o 

Irc't,  liiiviiif^  w 


r  tlic!  Wiiito  Mimgvovo, 


(I  attiiiiis  till'  lu'i.uht  of  twenty 


hitc  wood  with  a  vuiy  .Mnull  pitli;  thu  hnriv  is 


also  snioo 


)crn   louiu 


til   and   wiiitish.     Tliis   variety,   or 


•cies,   nas 


also 


wi 


til  the  above,  at  Key 


1 

Dr.  Bloil'ielt.      We  do  not  see  any 


Key  West,  in  Kiist   Florida,  hy 


thni'i 


distniLruisli 


h  it  as  a 


separf 


ito    siiecies    Ironi    tiie    vrcrla    except    the    peenhar 


ilkv, 


be  elothed 


shinin,^'  pubescence  with  which  the  leaves  contunie  to  be  clothei 
even  in  the  adult  state. 


131 


LAG  UNCULAJUA.^ 


((j.i;ktni;i;.) 


X((/iiiii/   Onlir,  C(iMiiiii:TACi:.i;.     LiniKiuu  VliiKsljiialiuii,   Dkcan- 
DiiiA,  M(i.\o(;yxia. 

OtIiiT  l)t)i'(U'i'  |iorsistiiiir,  suhcmiiiiiuiulato,  H-lobed.  I\l<tl.-i  live,  iiii- 
1111(0,  s]ii'failiiii;,  iiml  cuihiudiis.  Sliiinins  tiv(!  or  ton,  in  two  scries, 
ill(•lllll^■(l.  iS7/y/r  sill  Ml  Into ;  sli(/)ii(t  t'a)iit!ito.  jV"<  luai'ifiiiod,  ooi'ia- 
ooDiis,  valvoloss,  1  or  li-soodod,  orowuod  witli  llio  calyx.  C'uli/tc- 
liuiif!  convolute;  tlio  nidiclo  very  long. 


A  troo  of  the  Carililioau  Inlands,  with  ojniosito,  olliiitic,  biuooth 
loaves.  IJacoiiios  oiipositc,  niany-llowei'ed,  tlie  Howor.s  sessile,  fnr- 
iiisheil  with  dceidiioiis  hraetes  ;  tin;  calyx  liilii'aoti'oiate  at  the  siini- 
iiiit.     The  seed  gcriiiinatiiig  within   the  nut.     A  genus  nearly  allied 

to  LUMNITZEKA  of  Illdiil. 


WHITE   MAXGIIOVE. 


I 


l.,Aiiixcii,AurA  iiACK.MosA.     (iinii!(i\  lil.  ('ar)iol.,  vol.  iii.  p.  20!),  t.  217. 

Dix'ANii.,  I'rod.,  vol.  iii.  ji.  17. 
C'uNuCAKi'i;s   KACKMOSA.     Ful.ii<   huicaibtlii-nndis   iihlii.siiisfiilis,  J'n/i-ii/iiis 

scf/nytdis. — Linn.,  >>ii.  jil.     Wii.i.u.,  vol.  ii.  p.  Wo.     iSwautz,  Olw., 

!>.  7!3.     Jacq.,  Anier.,  p.  f<0,  t.  '>'-\. 


*  Fniin  tiiijuiicuht,  u  little  buttlu,  iu  alliLsiou  to  the  form  of  the  uut. 
132 


Ills 


Pl.XWIV 


lllul,  M.n, Mi„^,^.->.;;r„pi„., 


tlbil. 

Mump 

V.  1 

Siiioi 
Tr 

CDUU' 

I'uur 
by  tl 
sent 
Flor: 
Tl 
{lino 
long 
oiitii 
and 
rait 

or  < 

clou 
^-iu;i 
as  t 
silk 

IIK'I 
SIUJ 

oVIi 

wit 


wrnkk^tSi 


W  II  I  T  F.     M  A  N  s;  i;  (I  V  E. 


];« 


i:Ihis  siJiiih-Cs, —  Uiiuw.Ni:,  Jam..  \i.  l.V.t. 
M"iii/lc  Jiif'firn,  fnliii  (///yj/iV/.v  ,./■  (i(/i-(r.yu  misraililiii-i. — Si.oa.m:.  .I;iiii. 

]..  l")i;.      Hist.,  vol.  ii.  \>.  (ill.  tall.  Is7,  f.  1.      Kui,  Dciidr.,  [i.  ll.'i. 
SciiiA'H'Aiii'r.-. — KiriiARii,  Anal.  Fr.,  \>.  !':2. 
tSciiou.-fi!iiA  r., iiniiiii'ii'i.-  Sviiv.SiiEi.,  Syst.  \'ogct.,  vol.  ii.  i>.  '-V-'d. 


This  jiliint  is  u  native  ol"  tlu'  .sandy  and  iniuMy  slioirs  of  tlu- 
Cariblx'iin  l.slands  and  tliu  ni'iszliborinjr  eontiiii'nt,  wliui'u  it  bc- 
(•<jn»i's  a  k»i'ty,  branching  tree,  sonu'tinies  dividin.ii'  into  throe  or 
tour  trunks  dose  to  the  .uronnd :  it  i.s  called  White  Mangrove 
by  tile  English  inhabilants  of  these  islands.  Dr.  Blodgett  ha.s 
sent  speeinii'iis  cil'  this  tree  also  i'rom  Key  AVest,  in  East 
Florida, 

The  III- iMciie-  ire  eylindrio  and  brownish,  the  tnigs  ferru- 
ginon>;  tlie  hM\t~  are  opposite  and  .smooth,  about  three  inches 
long  iiii!il  an  inch  and  a  hall"  wide,  u})on  short  petioles,  cpiite 
entire,  thick,  and  somewhat  coriaceou,s,  elliptic  or  ovate,  obtu.se, 
and  sometimes  emargiinite,  with  a  pair  of  glands  near  the  .sum- 
mit of  the  petiole,  and,  in  most  of  the  leaves,  toward  the  edge 
a|i[)e:i;-  a  nutiJier  of  nii.sed  glandular  points,  which  are  closed 
or  open.  TLk  llowcrs  are  ilisijosed  in  a.xillary  and  terminal 
elongated  nieemcs,  the  racemes  sometimes  trilid.  Flowers 
simdl.  se.ssile,  greenish  white;  the  germ  pyrilbrm.  and,  as  well 
as  the  short  Ix-rder  oil"  the  calyx,  eovei-ed  with  a  sh(jrt,  whitisb. 
silky  })ubesce!i«'^i».  Fi*tnls  five,  very  small  and  caducous  Sta- 
mens live,  not  .'xseited.  The  germ  at  its  sunnnit  with  two 
sm.ill.  dentiforin  bra'^ifoies.  the  bractes  them.selves  short,  broad- 
ovate,  and  cartiK'oii*.  Style,  at  length  somewliat  exserted, 
with  a  snmll,  enij|t«tate  stigma.     Nut  l-seeded. 


PLATE  XXXIV, 

A  linnnli  iif  ll„  iiiitiin/l  .'<;»■.      ".  Tin'  iml  in  ^m  idi'l;/  sluj, 


'W% 


11 A  B  HIT    IJKKilY. 


Xii/iini/   On/ii;  Ki..i:A(i.\i:.i:,  (JiissIlhi.)      Ll/nntaii   Chi'-sijiiitliiiii, 

Dl(i:(lA,  OlTANDKIA. 

yili:riIKUI)IA,*(NrrrAu..)    IllI'l'oPIlAr:  (I'l  i;sii.) 

Fliiwurs  DiiKi'iiii  s. — Mali-;  adj.r,  4-i!i'ri,  iuirIi  hir^cr  tluiii  tliiil  uf  tin; 
I'l'iMulo.  C'lfiM'i,  iiiiiu'.  Slaniiiia  ci^^lit,  iilti'i'iiatiiii;;  with  :i  tiUMis  ot' 
I'iirlit  .u'laiiils.  Fi:.MAi.i:  llnwcr  with  a  siiiali  l-i-lrlt,  siiprrinr,  caiiiiia- 
iiuiatu  (■('///.;■,  imd  C'ii;-ht  liiaiids.  .S/y/i  one;  si:<iiiui  dhiiijiR',  siiiicapi- 
tute.    7)i('ry  juioy,  l-seoilcd,  globosi.',  iiivi'ritc'il  with  the  llushy  calyx. 

iSmall  trees,  spiiiesreiit  or  iiiinriiied,  \\itli  tlie  general  a-^jieet  ul" 
J'JliiO(jiiiix.  Jjeaves  t'lilire,  ()]Hl(l^ite,  elothed  witli  silvery  ami  t'erni- 
u'iiums  scale.-:.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  elii>ters,  cr  in  s[iikes. 
Berries  pulpy,  diaphanous,  searlet,  suhaeid. 


RABBIT   BEUllY, 


OH 

WESTERN   SlIEPH^llDIA. 

8iii:i'iii:i;i»r 

.    .vmii:N-TEA 

S'lilUs  i''Jiiiiijfi- 

'^■»»ftts.  t/llllXI 

s  i/liihris, 

III, 

■'iiijili' 

nr<fin"!'i-l 

\mti;t!s,  Jlnrlhiis   'ill III),  ml ix. 

-Mj'n..  tie 

1.  Aiuer. 

>    Vi 

A.   ii. 

y.  -2*0. 

Loi  don's 

Ene,<e.   lM(»ii.F>.  J. 

.  >:>:   \v\n 

relUM   et 

l-rutie., 

p.   l:>:21, 

fii;.   12US. 

lIooKHK,   >1<>P. 

B..1-.    Am. 

,   vol.    ii. 

P- 

V,]x, 

t«h.  178, 

(well  ilhist 

•aled.) 

rillM'Ol'H^K 

art/diliiu — 

'i  u^iJk  b^Vior.  Bi.r. 

Am.,  p.  11 

"). 

*  Xiiincd 

ill  honor  uf 

U'  Itiii'  Mt.  Win.  SL 

i-Jitlcrd,  llleli 

iwratcir  of 

the 

l.ivir- 

f^iril  ISulanii: 

(larilin.      A 

lUO.lt    !^.ioUlili('   L'ilTJc 

iior  ami  skill'ii 

cuUivatur 

1:5 

t 

i      .   :* 


I 


I'lX.V.W 


sill  pill  ri|ii(   iMLii'llli';! 


l! 1 1 /ill I  /  /Sfri'i 


hy''it\ 


Till 
ii;itivc 
J)r.  l!i 
hctwi'i 
of  .",4< 
of  I!a 
soiiri, 
hut  it 
Miui.l 
tl.(j  It 
I'i.uhtc 

tlio  1. 
witli 

USt'l'lll 

ami  II 
All 

(lill'cn 
on  till 
from 
with 
lliclni 

llfS     I 

and  t 

it  r.n 

\\w  I). 

pOlllK 

In 
r.anl 
kill.'. 

flftC'O 

Mas^ 

of  til 
im;,  I 


I!  A  I!  I!  1  T     r.  I",  I!  I!  Y. 


IM 


This  very  uhcI'iiI,  Imnly,  iind  (iniiiiiiciitiil  tn'c  is  wliolly  ii 
iiMtivr  (iT  tlic  uorllirni  and  \M'>tiTii  ivvions  of  Ndrtli  Aiiu'i'ica. 
Dr.  liiclianlsijii  ohscrvi'd  it  on  tlit-  haidis  of  tiio  .SasUatcliawaii, 
hctwt'cii  Carlton  and  Edmonton  Ilonso  Forts,  in  tlio  latitude 
ol'  •")!'.  and  Major  rA)n;:;"s  party  I'oinid  it  firowinix  on  tlic  borders 
ol'  llainy  I,iike,  alioiit  latilude  r.)\  On  the  lianks  of  tiie  Mis- 
souri, tlie  limit  of  its  ^oiitliern  ranj^e  is  tlie  borders  of  tlie  Platte, 
lint  it  a|)[ieared  to  In'  most  abundant  and  fertile  around  Fort 
Mandaii.  or  tlie  (Ireat  Northern  Heiid  ol'  the  Missouri,  in  about 
thi;  latitude  of  IS';  here  it  becomes  a  small  tree  twelve  to 
ei,i:hteen  feet  in  lieii;ht.  ami  when  adorned  with  its  brilliant 
scarlet  berries,  jiroduced  in  thick  (dusters  so  as  almost  to  conceal 
tlu!  branches,  lew  obji^cts  arc;  more  ornamental.  ('ontrastiMl  also 
with  the  silvery  hue  of  the  leaves,  which  I'eminds  one  of  the 
useful  ()li\c:  it  presents  at  once  an  iippearance  both  strikiiii;' 
and  novel. 

Amonjj,'  the  natives  and  Canadian  vtnairenrs  it  has  several 
dilleri'ut  names.  According  to  Lewis  and  Clarke,  it  was  known 
on  the  .Missouri,  to  the  natives,  by  the  name  of  the  I'abbit  IJerry, 
from  lieiu!.;'  fed  on,  probably.  In'  tlioM'  animals,  and  it  was  met 
with  by  their  party  in  the  gorges  of  the  Itocky  Mountains, 
liichardson  says  the  (,'rei'k  Indiiin.s  give  it  a  name  which  signi- 
fii's  Fdoody  Ilerry,  (Metheoo-nieeva,)  from  the  singular  redness 
iind  transparency  of  its  fruit.  The  Canadian  voyageurs  called 
it  (iniif'sf  iJi'  /id ii/\  or  l>ull'alo-fat.  from  (he  imaginary  relish  of 
the  berries,  or  from  the  practice  of  mixing  them  with  their  fat 
j)ounded  meat  or  penunican. 

In  1S|.")  1  introduced  a  plant  into  the  lji\eipool  I'otanii^ 
flardeii;  but.  being  kejit  in  the  greenhouse,  it  was,  1  presume, 
killed  with  kindiu'ss,  and  was  soon  lost.  About  twelve  or 
lifleen  years  ago,  my  friends  Messrs.  Windships,  of  Brighton,  in 
Massachust'tts,  in  the  vicinity  of  Pxiston.  obtained  a  few  seeds 
(if  the  iS/ii/Jni-</iii  from  the  banks  of  the  ]\rissonri.  which,  grow- 
ing, giive  origin  to  all  the  [ilants  now  in  the  luited  States  and 


!:!(! 


I!  A  li  I!  1  T 


K  I!  II  V. 


ill  ]•: 


niii"s( 


iinipt'. 


A   .stiiiulard    live   iit    tliis    tiiiu'   jirowiii'''   in    tlici 


■ry  is  r(iiit('  us  largo  as  an  onliiiary  Applo  Tree  dI"  llie  same 


age,  ami  it  is  ^ct  very  vigorous  and  mcreasuig  in  si/,( 


It 


1 


lu'iieve,  aliont    twenty  I'eet  liigli,  with  a  liandsoine,  erect  triinl<. 
clothed  with  a  somewhat  smootii  hark,  and  jireseiils  an  ajipear- 


am 


V  of  the  most  vigorous  health.      Its  resemhlanee  to  the  Oi 


i\c 


is  vi'i'v  striking;  it  has  a  rounded,  niiil'onn,  elegant  siiinmit,  and 
wiieii   ill    fruit,  wiiicii    is   at    tiie  (.'lose  of  summer,  scaivels'  ini\ 


tl 


ling  cm 


1  he  more  I)riiliai'.t,  from 


load  of  iH'iries  with  wiiich 


it  is  e\ery where  clad;  these  are  aiiout  the  size  of  small  red 
currants,  Juicy,  hut  not  watery,  of  a  pleasant  suhacid  taste, 
mixed  witli   a  sweetness   whicii   renders   them   generally  agree- 


dih 


.Maiie   into  sweet   iellw  in   tiie  manner  of  currant-^.  liir\' 


are   tiiought    pi'iieralile   hy  most  who  have   tasted   them.     Jiiit 


the  great  use  of  the  Sheiiheril 


la  wi 


11  be  for  coiistructinu'  heih. 


or  live  leiices,  at  least  in  the  Northern  Stati'S  where  it  thiiscs 
well.  Kept  down  l)y  cutting,  it  hccomes  suHlcientiy  close,  and 
has  alst)  tiie  advantage  of  ijcing  tiuirny,  green,  or  ratiier  silvery, 
ate  in  autumn,  and  it  is  attacked   1)\'  no  insect,  nor  siiliject 


til 


to  iiiiy  ( 


lisease  or  h]i'.iiit. 


Tl 


le  iH'rries  ai 


V  iireediiv  de\'oured 


WllO      IIIK 


ill  tlie  autumnal  hirds, 
k   rounil  the  trei-  in 


particularly  robins  and  hhiciiirds 

tiirongs  wliile  any  thing  remains  to  lie  had. 

in  its  native  state  it  is  u  small,  nitlier  nnrrow-toppe<l  tree, 
with  the  branches  ending  in  stout  sjiincs.  The  leaves  are 
ol)long-ovato,  obtuse,  shortly  petiolati 


liotli    sides   I 


ree   irom 


lanv 


(tl 


iti 


lilt    covered     with     peltate    (U-    roiiiu 


led 


lie 


irou! 


di    a   1 


ens 


ip[ieai'   to    be   ciliated 


iiiii!  out  as  earlv  as  in   Mm 


are    III    ( 


Th: 
lust 


.iiicll 


er- 


Tl 


le  ('al\.\ 


Ih 


l/r     tic 


I'onsideralil V    larucr    tli 


that   of   the 


female,    and    divided    down    to    the    base    into    lour    snbovate. 
obtuse   divisions,    internalh'    \filo\\i>h,    but    outside   scalv   liki 


tiie 


lior 


leaves. 


T 


le    stamens    are   eiLiiit,    witii    oftentimes    rath 


t,  jnibesceiit  (ilami'iity  ;   tlic  aiillicrs  are  oblong  and  'J-celird. 


C  A  N  A  I)  IAN     S  II  K  I'll  M  I!  I»  I  A. 


1:'.7 


'I'lic  / ///"/'  llowcrs  iii'c  .siiiiilli'i'  ;iii(l  slioitly  |iciluMciiIat('.  \villi- 
uiil  liny  \('>tii;cs  of  sImiiicms.  Tlit'i'c  is  one  stvic,  iiiid  a  tliii'k- 
isli,  i)l)li(iiic',  siiliilli|ili:;  stiuiiiii.  Tlic  ucrni  iipiiciirs  inrci-ioi', 
liiit  is.  ill  liict.  (iiil_>  iiiM'stcil  \>y  tlic  tiiln'  of  tliL-  culyx.  Tlu' 
hcnics  arc  ('(ilici'ti'd  into  cliistci's.  and  ari'  spariiiiily  scattered 
uilli  si'aics.  Init  liri,L:]it  anil  [(clincid.  'J'lic  sccil,  nr  ratlicr  nut. 
Avitli  a  cartilai^iniiiis  sludl,  is  suboviitc  and  sliiiiinj;-,  iiincli  like 
tiiat  III'  Jf>/i/i<i/i/iiii :  it  is  also  scored  fxtrrnaily,  as  if  partly 
'J-li)lii'd.  ^^ilil  a  small  pinji'i'tiuii  at  the  hasr.  The  I'lnla'yi)  is 
sti'ai;:lit  and  Hal,  uitiioiit  ailimncn.  and  tin'  radii'lo  iiifrrior. 
Tlio  ('(ilyli'diiiis  are  larf;i',  liiielc,  and  i)\al.  Mr.  Wyetii.  in  the 
Kiicky  .Miiiintaiiis,  ohser\i'd  a  \ariety  itf  this  species  witli 
yelliiw   berries. 

I'LATE  .\.\.\V. 

A  liraiii-h  ■)/■  //.r  iiiiliii-'il  .«CC 


A  secniid  species  iif  (his  ^'eiuis  is  the 

SlIKl'llKKlJl.V     CANAnK.VSIS,     nv     ('.\.\AnJ.VX      SlIKl'IIKIfDlA,      witil 

elliptic-uvato  leaves,  nearly  smooth  above  and  iiaki'd  beneath, 
clothed  with  stellate  hairs  and  fcrni^diioiis  scales:  the  llowcrs 
are  also  in  axillary  spikes.  This  specii's,  it  appears  iVoni 
Hooker,  ran.u'cs  far  to  the  nortii.  throiiiiliont  Canada  to  l-'ort 
l-'rankiin.  on  Mackenzie  Jiiver.  and  Iroin  Newtbiindland  and 
Hudson's  Bay  to  tiie  Kocky  Mountains.  In  the  State  of  New 
^  'ik  I  have  met  with  it  on  the  borders  of  the  smaller  inland 
l.ike-.  I  •!  well  as  on  the  shores  of  liidvc  V.v'w;  but  tiiis  speci'/s 
.^ca'Cei  becoincs  a  tree,  is  without  tiiorus,  and  thi'  berries, 
ti'oiiuh  eqiiiiUy  brilliant  (vith  tiie  preceding,  are  ratin'r  un- 
li'easant  to  the  taste.  On  the  authority  oi"  Men/.ii,'s,  it  is  said 
abo  to  exist  on  the  northwest  coast;  but  I  luue  not  seen  it 
there. 


IV.— !i» 


.sK  w 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


W 


1.0    It's  I 


I.I 


1.25 


25 


1!^  m 


:   '-    llllffi 
1-4    ill  1.6 


V] 


c% 


^^ 


VI 


A 


A 


;<*«»*.?  %.  < 

4'V^ 


V 


PhotDg?apliic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  ^AAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  HSBO 

(71«)  872-4503 


iV 


;V 


-^^ 


\ 


\ 


% 


V 


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6^ 


-rf*** 


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xtmi:nia. 


ll'i.',  .Mii;i;.) 


X,lhini/    Oiilri:    Ol.ACINK.K.       Liinnnui    ('hts.s'ijhutl,,!!,    ()(  lA.MUMA, 

MoXOUVXlA. 

Cc'.v-'-  4-t'xitlKMl,  iiiiiiiitc,  ]H'rsi.^lciit,  not  .MilMrtriii.Lr-  Z'''"''^'  f'""'' 
(li'Msclv  jiilo.-o  wilirni,  (■(ini'iviiit,  :i1mivc  ri'Vuliitc.  ,SV.//;ii /-.v  i'i.i,'lit, 
tlif  liliiiiiciits  .■;iiiilliiry.  iinlluT^  ii.luuti',  innir,  i""'!  liiK'iir,  not 
oxmtI.mI.  (h;n-;i  J-fcllril.  l-s,',.,!..,!.  N////.'  one.  Dmi',-  m-.\W, 
l-sfiilcil. — DuANH.,  Vol.  i.  p.  •'>•!:!. 

Ti-opicMl    tivos    or    slinil.s    Willi    smoolli,    iiltri-n:it.',    .Mitir.',   ollip- 
ticiil  or  oviito,  I'xstipuhito  K'iivos;    llowors  mostly  in  sniiill,  iixillary 

llMllu'lrJ. 


MOUNT AIX   PLUM. 

XlMllMA    AMi:iUr,\NA.  S,,:ii.,.«t,  j\r,;.<  „l,lnii,,;.-;  ;.,,/»»(■»/;,<  millUforis.— 

LiNX.,  Sp.  i-l.  lloH.  Cliir.,  11'.':'..  Swart/.,  Ol.s.,  p.  ^V^.  Ddcani.., 
I'roii.,  vol.  i.  p.  o;!:'.. 

a  unihi,  foliis  ovalis.  .1'.  //^'//;//../v:.-- I  A-'iji  IN,  Auic-r..  p.  I'l'i.  t.  -JTT, 


liir.  .-il.     Lamauck,  Uhist..  tal).  •J'.t",  iiu'-  "!• 


XlMIA'tA    /»' 


/„„„. — MAcrAiiVKN,  Flora  ol'  .laniaii 


liil  ;  a  varii'tv, 


liowcvor,  witlioiit  tlioriis. 


Xi.>'i;ma 


:ir>ih,il,i,   ih>i-c  ivV/./M),   fnirlii  /»/m..— I 'i.!' M int.  Ccncr.,  p, 


le.  201,  tij--.  1. 


*  Niiliii'il  in  Ih.iinr  nl'  1-'niti(i>  Xiiinu  s,  !i  ^\y.m\A\  iiatumlist  iiii.l  niissi ry. 


l:!H 


I 


^ 


4 


I'lXXXVI 


.;  W.  r„.i    .1.1 


Ximniiii  AMit'i'i<-:iii:i 


u..„„/„,„  n„ 


I////*  *//.  //nit'f  tn 


'I 

ill,!!', 
.li-. 
will 

til.' 

_\ca 
.lul 

Ircl 
it  i 

1 

vh 

rill 
illl 

llM 

\\n 

Tl 
1" 

re 

tu 
ol 
t\ 
T 

\> 

ii 
1. 
II 
t 
i 


MAINTAIN     I' MM.  1:!'.t 

'I'liis  ]ilimt  luniis  a  small  tree,  witli  an  creel  stem  ami  .-[Head- 
in;i'.  uray,  vemii'cise.  ami  soiiiewliiit  angular  livaiielies.  It  is  in- 
digenous ti)  tlie  muuntains  ol'  Jamaica,  Key  \Ve>l  in  l^'iorida, 
wliere  it  was  I'dmid  liy  Dr.  IJIod^^ett.  and  is  also  met  witli  in 
the  neiiildiiirliDiiil  ol'  Cartliaiicna.  in  llis|)ani<>la,  and  nnin\' 
years  n\ii>  it  was  edlleeted  iii  tlie  interim'  ol'  Kast  Florida  hy 
.lolin  liartram.  iis  Mr.  \.  (Iray  ."^aw  sjieeimens  of  it  in  liis  eol- 
leelion  still  extant.  Aeeordinu'  to  Drs.  \Vi;.:lit.  and  IJo.\!)nriili, 
it  is  also  iiidigenons  to  the  coast  ol'  India. 

It  bears  a  drnpe  the  size  of  the  plnm  of  iMiropc.  or  of  a 
liiiicon's  CL'!-'.  ji'llow.  smooth,  ami  shininjr,  l-seedcd.  with  a  thin 
rind  and  watery  |inl|)  of  a  pleasant  sweet  snhaiid  taste.  The 
seed  is  laruf  and  while.  Ihis  |iliim  is  of  an  a^i'ee.ilile  lhi\iir. 
ami  not  inferior  to  the  conimon  varieties  of  that  of  Kin'ope;  it 
has  a  slijiht  dej;ree  of  astrin.ufiiey,  with  a  jileasant  acidity.  The 
llower:  lia\c  a  frajirant  odor  said  to  he  like  that  of  franl<incinse. 
The  wood  is  as  yellow  as  that  of  the  .'"^andal.  and.  in  India,  its 
])o\\(ler  is  often  snlisliluted  for  it  hy  the  Brahmins  in  their 
ndiiiious  ceremonies. 

The  leaves  i;row  two  or  three  to.iicther.  cm  short,  lateral, 
tnhercnloid  hranchlets;  tiiey  are  jietiolate.  ohlonn-huK'eolate, 
oiitnse,  ami  narrowed  helow.  smooth,  ohseurcdy  veined,  aliont 
two  or  two  and  a  half  inelies  lorn;-,  ami  less  than  an  inch  hroad. 
The  llowers  are  disposed  in  small  iieduncnlateil  axillary  and 
snhterminal  niidiels.  the  nmliels  three  or  1-lloweri'd.  The  calyx 
is  minnte  and  l-toothed.  IV'tals  four,  lincar-ohloiiir.  connivinj;' 
into  a  tnlie  helow.  recurved  at  tln' apex,  and  co\-ered  with  rather 
Ioii.l;'  and  dense  lirow  iiisli-yellow  hairs  within.  Stamens  ei,L;ht, 
as  loiii;'  as  the  petals,  the  (ilaments  like  the  most  delicate  thri'ads, 
tli<  anthers  loiiu:  and  liiii'ar,  ovary  .S-anyled  at  the  h;.se,  conical 
mid  swhnlate,  with  the  st_\le  as  long  as  the  .stiuueus. 

I'L.VTf;  .W.WI. 

..I  liiiiiirh  '■!' i/„  iiidtiiid  .v/;(.     ((.  7'Ai  finit. 


JNIACLL  JIA 


(Nt  n.M.i..) 


S.ilinvl    Onhi;  AimucaijI'i:.!:.  (K.  I'.n.wii.)      L!,u><ia„    Chissiji, 
tltjii,  l)iii;(  lA.  Tf,ti;am'1!IA. 


(iWcls     liM'.rldf 


lour,    ('XSfl'l< 


-Mai.i; 


IWCIS     Wltll 


tli.'    -■.//././■  4-clctt.      Sl'iitiins 


il.      Ki;.MAi,i;   lluwns   in   irli'lml; 


ir   iiiii'-ii 


Is  ;     llif    r,ili/.r 


t-blirl.d,   Wilh    tlir    l>il>US   illtf.MrUMl    to.iri'tlKT.        t'"/'..//"    IM.II- 


Sl;/h    olif,  tililoi-m,  villous.      (>n-ni.-  imiiicniiis.  .'ir 

I'SfiiiLT  into 

1-sci'ili'il.     S(t'l  clioviile'. 


•ll     1-Sl'Cllfll,    COill- 


ii  ci.iniiimiul  globiilui-  lii-Ti-y  ol'  iiiuiiy  I'llls,  tlif  cilU 


A    hicli'si'cnt    tr>'<',   r 


L'llilW    WciiM 


■hih'il  to  till'   l''n.-tir  .-;i 


1  with    iii'iii-lv   siiiiihir 


1.     Loiivi's  iillcnial.',  ontiiv,  witlioiit  stii.iilos.  jin.ilnciiii,' 
Miilo  lldwors  ill  iicdmii-uliitid   mnliuls. 


ipci-iixilliiry  simiilo  sjn 


Aiiu'iits  iixillary 
:it  tirst  lactcsi'iMit,  irrci' 
■.,,111  Ini,  l>ut  (listiiiL:-ui' 
iiofuliar  lialiit. 


llarv.     lii'iTV  vi'iriicosc  ami  lai'iri',  ivsu 


.■iiililiip.''  an  d'aniT''. 


lush-vfin 


i\v  111'  \cllou'. 


Xcarly  alliiil  to  /lr,,ii-i- 
.hcil   1)V   llie  coaK'M-i'iKi.'   of   till'   ltciiiiS   and   a 


OSAGE  OKAXGE,  on  YELLOW  WOOD. 


Ma.miia  AiiiANTiACA.— Xirr.,(icM.  AiiKr.,vol.ii.  1.. -J^U.     l.oi  ih.n's 
Kn.v.l.  <.f  riaiits,  p.  THl.  ti.ir.  l.-l-J.M!.     Arl.oivtmii  ot  Fniti.',  vol.  iii. 


VV 


i:U-2,  1-'lii2,  fijis.  1-22I!,  1:2-27.  V2-2H.     Lamiii.ht's   f^u\'[> 


■nK'iil    to 


I'inus  1.  <■.     Katon's  Miimial,  (Hd.  8,)  p.  311. 


*  In  honor  ul 


f     ho  fcluhnit.-a   K™l"t:'-'-  I'hiK'>'tlKT,  »nd    i.Mtn.u   ,.(   .K,t»n,l 


Win.  Macluio. 


I'l  WW  I 


Nhit'liii':!  Aiir;Milt:i)':i 
^'itiife    i'ndii/e  /'mis  ,/ . /r 


T 
tlif 
ixl< 

Ml 

mil 

r.f! 

CVI 

t^in 

!l    \ 

.-11 

r.)i 

til 
til 

g'' 
III 

Ik 
W 
V 

\\ 

I' 

\ 

I 


■ 


<is.\<;i:    <i  I!  A  .N  •;  i:,  oi;    ^ki.i.ow    uihih.    hi 


Tins  r<'iii!irk;il>lt'  tici',  lli(iiii:li  pi  rt'crti}  tliriviiiL'  ami  liaril\  in 
tlie  c-liiiiiii<-  (if  i*iiilaili'l|iliia.  raini'il  t'niiri  .xci-il^,  i|im-h  not  iiahinilly 
i'\li'iiil  lu  the  iiiirtli  III'  llif  Arkaii^a-i  llivi'i';  it  is  cmmi  llicir  nl' 
rai''  (KTiirii'iins  tiiid  m'licrally  ilcHliliitc  of  t'liiii.  We  ^aw  a  li'w 
oM  ill-;;rii\vii  trif:*  on  tlic  lianks  of  tin-  I'oii.  i  Irw  miles  I'lum 
l''uil  Siiiilli.      it  wan  niil\  un   lln'  rich   ln\v  Imltim-lamls  nl"  \Ut\ 

llisfi',  nriir  tin nlliicmc  of  ilic  Kiann'sliu,  iIimI  wr  lirlnlil  tin- 

Maclnra  in   |)crrcrliiiii.  liirminv  a  ;.'r        part   m   tiif   pn'\aiiim: 
iMiibra'jt'ons  ftni'.st,  ami  attainintr  an  i-lfvatinn  nl"  lil'tv  <»r  sixty 


II  iw- 


li-rl  In  a  iliaimtiT  i>(  intwi'i'ii  iwn  ami  •'nri'  lirl.  It  is 
I'ViT.  iiiiiili  iiiclini'ij.  wlii'ii  riill-;;iiiwii.  Id  tju'uw  lint  irri'iriiiai- 
cprcailin;;  liinlt.siif  cinisiilcraldc  cNti'iit,  lli<)iii:li  :it  llr.-t  it  prfsmtH 
a  very  <'ic;:aiit  runnilisli  .-jni'MiiiiiLr  .siniiiiiit.  Mm  at  all  lipids  it 
>trikr.s  tin-  hrliulilrr  as  .sitim'tliin;^  rt'inarkalilr  in  'In-  Nipillii'ni 
I'liii'sl  liy  till'  liraiit}- ami  ^ipl(•luloI•  (tf  ilM  dark  ami  sliiniiiv'  liiliaj;*', 
wliifli  ill  apiii-arance  str(ai,::ly  n'si'mlilrs  that  ui'llir  Oranirc;  ami 
llir  iiiiiiK'rou.s  spines  wliicli  tlir  luamlifs  pri'M'nt  m'Iii  tn  iniilinii 


tlic  ciitniianson 


Til 


iiiit   is   aliki-   .-iii'jiilar.   I'l'sc'inlilin''  I'lil 


^ri'tiwn  ycllM\visli-;.'r('('n  oraiip's.  Imt,  lillnl  with  a  milky  jniii', 
ami,  as  they  ripen  at  intervals,  ur  lieemne  aliurtive.  the  l;i'i)iiiiiI 
iM-neath.  like  an  nrclianl,  is  strewn  with  this  eiirinus  rniil,  wliiih, 
wlion  lil>t  iliM'overeil  lyili;^  lie;;leitiil  Ipi'IIimiIi  tlie  (ree.  liil  the 
voyagers  to  tear  ami   report   it  as  a  |i(iiMiii;   ImiI   the  I'amily  to 


whieh  it  appertains,  ami  its  relation  to  the  .Miilherr; 
pivsiiinptive  sanetion  lor  its  harmless  ipialities. 


illiail 


The  Maclnni  was  lii'sl  noticeil  hv  Unnter  ami  !huiliar  in  liieir 


lleil    lliver,  on    the    hanks  of  tiie    IJllle    .MissiMir,.  of 
near  Nateliiloilies,  ami  upon  the  hanks 


vo3a.i:e 

the  Washita  Iviver; 

of   the   Arkansas.      ll   was   likewise   ohserveil   liy  Dr.  .lames,  in 

.Major  Long's  e.spetlition,  along  the  hanks  of  the  Arkansas  nnil 

the  Canailian. 

vear    1^1".  ill   the  i^anleii  oC  .^lr. ''I.  'uteaii.  at   St.  Loiii-;,  whieh 


1  lirst  saw  living  plants,  Ix'uring  fruit,  ahoiit  tin 


'I'e    raiseil    from   seeds   eolieeteil   in    the  countrvof   the   ( )s 


It   was  afterward   introdiieed   into    lit 


irden  ol'  the   late   Ml 


1 IJ     <  I  S  A  (i  K     ( »  I!  A  N  ( ;  K.    ( »  I!     Y  i:  1,  L  ( t  W     Wool). 


McAralinn.  Ill'  I'liiliidclpliia.  IVoiii  seeds  collected  \ty  (luvcnii)r 
Lewis.  The  lai't'cst  ti'oo  1  liii\e  st'cii  ill  cnlti\uti()ii  is  in  iIk; 
,i:;irdeii  (if  Mr. 'riioiiuis  (now  Daviil)  liamlretli,  in  Fi'deral  Sti-i'et. 
l'iiilailei[iliiii.  It  is  iiliDUt  twentv  leet  liii;ii  and  live  and  a  iiaif 
in  I'ii'cnniii  rence.  'I'liis  tree  lias  I'oi'  many  years  lidiiie  IVnil;  Imt 
tin.'  seeds  lia\c  only  nl'  late  been  perrecled.  in  C()nse([nence  uT 
the  ahseni'c  ol'  the  staniinil'erons  iniiividual.  on  the  accession  of 
wiiich,  iio\ve\cT.  il  |ir(idnce(l  ahnndance  of  seeds  nearly  as  larw 
as  tliose  (if  tiic  Oiani^e.  and  inucji  of  tin'  same  form:  these  wero 
indii  aleil  in  the  I'liiit  ly  an  nnnsnal  projection  of  tlie  external 
tidicrcles. 

'I'iie  wood  of  tlie  Maclura  is  solid.  hea\y.  and  elastic,  of  a  fnu! 
\e]l(i\v  cdloi-,  wiiicii.  lil^c  tile  Knstic.  it  i'ea(iily  c(anninnicates  to 
^^aler.  anil  it  miLilit  consei|nently  be  nsed  as  a  dye.  It  is  also 
cajialile  of  recei\injr  a  line  ]ioli>h.  and  resendiles  satin-wood  liy 
its  brilliant  jzloss.  The  cdasticity  and  din'ability  of  its  wood  haws 
long  lu'cn  ('(debrated  I)y  the  Indians,  who.  from  its  nse,  have 
bestowed  n|ion  il  the  name  of  Iiow-wood.  and  tlie  ( 'unadian.'^, 
wild  tra\('rsed  tliese  i'(  ii.-  in  (|nest  of  fill's,  loiew  it  loiiii'  by 
tlie  name  of  the  Hiis  il'uri-.  The  bark,  as  in  /irnn^noni  /iii.  alfoi'ds 
a  line  white  lia\.  Anothei'  important  nse  of  the  Maidnra,  in 
this  climate,  is  tliat  of  liirinini!'  live  I'ence.s  or  lied,L;'es.  for  wliieh 
imrpo.se  it  is  well  adapted,  as  it  bears  cnttini:.  grows  (dose,  and 
is  very  thorny,  as  wtdl  as  free  from  tiie  atta(dss  of  iiligiit  and 
insects:  it  lias  all  tlu>  advantage  of  l<ee[)ing  for  a  long  tinu; 
green,  and  a]ipears.  in  all  respects,  as  (degaut  a  fence  as  that  of 
the  Wild  Orange  in  the  South.  It  has  besides  an  additional 
recommendation  in  its  nse  I'or  lce(liiig  sill\-W(a'ins.  for  whi(di 
purpose  it  is  scarcely  inli'rioi'  to  the  I'amons  Munis  luii/ll- 
(■(1)1 1  it.''' 

*  IlilliTi'iit  iijiiiiiiiiis  lire  now  cnlirliiiiii'il  iif  tlio  viilin'  nt'  llir  Iciivrs  nl'  ilii" 
Marluru  a.s  a  I'uml  I'nr  .-ilk-wiiniis,  muuo  appruviiiir  ami  nilurs  clr-cnura^iiif; 
lluir  u.sL'. 


I'l.  XX.WIll 


.\h«'liii-!i     .\lirii,iti;tr,i . 


frra 
a;e 

iUV 

1.11- 

1'" 
itsi 

\vi 

do 

in 

SI 

mi 

'2h 
fill 
Ic 
111 
t't 
ir 
tl 
a 
a 
1: 
li 
(' 

V 


OS 


A  (IK     OUANliK,    OK     Y  E  M- O  W    WOOD. 


It: 


'I'hv  1 


iriiuc 


■lios  ;uv  lloxiiotis  HU.l  round,  clothed  with  ii  siiiootli 


L;r;i\'  bur 


il.O  usiiu 


■k.     Thi'  k'iives  nro  idt.Tiiiit.'.  iipt 

llv  oviil  iUid  acuiniiiMti'd;  on  tlir  iH'urni 


in  lon'i  I'oot-f^tiilks.  mid 


bnintdu's  they 


however,  o 


hase,  vei 


liciit;  tlie  U[)[K- 


AV-n  fousidei-iihly  hir-.T,  and  hcavt-shiiptd  at  the 

it  iiuieronatcd  and  a  litth^   pun- 

tli  ami  shiniiii!.  hut  the  petiole 


V  entire,  with  tlie  poi 


r  surliiee  ih  suioo 


;nid  nerves  o 


11  I  lie  under  .'^ide  ol'  the  leaf  are 


;c)liie\vhat  hirsutelv 


puhes('ent.      The  petiole  is  ol'leii  an  iiieh 
itsell'  two  to  I'our  iuehes,  and  one  an 


or  more  U)ii' 


the  1 


.eal' 


d  a  hair  to  three  iiiel 


widi 


Tl 


R'  ntlllltillill  ruiiii 


plant  appears  uniforinly  weaker,  more 


delicate,  and  smaller 


•-leaved,  than  the  lertile  plant.     The  ll 


lowers 


111 


it   are   axillary,  in    peduncu 


dated   smal 


,ds,  each   umhel 


coiitainui' 


about  lil'teeu  to  twenty  flowers,  consisting  i 


lu'ri 


ly  of 


a  sum 


mens,  on 


U  -l-clel't  calyx,  wit.,  oval  liairy  segment 


ant 


1  lour  sta- 


Icmilheiied  and  exserted  iilaments.     The  anther 


's  are 


:i-celle( 


1,1 


WV'SC 


and  oval,  openi 


nil 


lengthwise.     In   both   plant;- 


SI 


ngle,  undivided   thorns 


come  out   in   the  upper  axils  of  the 


leav( 


Tlie  yl/mf/t;  capituluni  eon 


SI 


-ts  of 


a  eon 


iieries  ol'  llowers 


mil 


ted  into  a 


globul 


form,  about  tin   si/e  ol"  a  cherry;    tl 


iiese 


con 


sisl  also  in  a  calyx  of  four  divisions,  hut  less  regular  tl 


laii 


in  the  male, 
three-fourths 


an  luc 


a  nee  o 


,f  a  tuft  of  long  pubescent  threads.     The  lierry 


The  styles  and  stigmas,  one  to  each   germ,  are 
h  long,  giving  to  the  anient  the  appear- 

(iUed  with 
a  milky  juice,  becomes  about  the  .size  of  a  moderate  hut  not 
large  orange,  having  an  irregular  tes.-<ellated  appearance,  almost 
like  that  of  the  Bread-fruit:  these  tes.-*ellations  are  the  ""''"'.V" 
enlarged  llesliy  summ 


its  of  the  segments  of  the  calyx.      The 


khole  of  the  calvces,  a 


surhice 


t  a  short  distance  below  the  immedia 

and 


become  partly  ingrafted  together  into  one  ma^ 


transverse 


rtioii  of  the  fruit,  therefore,  presents  a  serie; 


radiating   and  woody  fib 
1-sceded  germs. 


res,  ai 


luong  which    are    i 


mmersed    the 


The  seeds  are  obovate,  compressed,  and  nearly 


as  large  as  those  of  the  or 


•ange.     The  testa  is  ye 


llowish  white 


1H     OSACi:     <>!!AN<ir:,    OIJ     YELLOW     WOOD. 


and   ca 


l-til: 


iLiiiiiiiis; 


tlici 


('   IS  no  iUlMuncn.  (UK 


1    tl 


IC     l^l't'll     IS    () 


.r 


vcUowisli  brown.  ikmhImIdii 


liiiis.  witli  ili(>  Viidicli'  iiivfitcil  IVoni  llio 


iixis  of  the  IVuit,  and  curved  partly  over  the  inar;;in  of  tlic  thick 
and  llcsliv  cotyledons  toward  tlic  point  occupie(l  hy  the  liyluni. 


'I'lic   I'riiit.  wlicn   ripi 


nccnlcnt. 


swcctisli   lait    insipid 


taste,  and    is   soniewliat    acrid.     As   i'ar  as  we  know,  it   is  not 


iten  1 


)V  anv  annna 


It   is   readily  propaizated   l>y  sowin.ij-   the   seeds,  and    also   Ly 
tini;s  of  the  root.  v.  niidi  ,i;row  much  more  readily  than  cnt- 


cu 

tiniis   ol 


th 


iinch 


Althoimii    several    male    plants  were 


rai.sed  in  this  vicinity,  it  is  sin.uiilar  to  remark,  that  while  the 
fertile  plant  is  in  its  utmost  vigor,  very  lew  of  the  lormer  sur- 
1,  as  their  presence  is  necessary  I'or  fertility,  it  jirohaljly 

the 


an( 


wou 


Id  be  the  liest  way  to  iu.ural't  the  male  on  some  one 


branches  of  the  bcarini;'  plant. 


A  h 


PLATE   XXXVIL 

rh  of  Ihi  iiiiilf  phiiil  (if  llii  iiiiliirnl  .'•■izf. 


n> 


,I,JI,. 


(ink 


cnlaiyal.     h.  Tla  J'l  muh' cqiili'-l'i 


PLATE  XXXVIIL 


7V»  fr'iil  fif  till-  li'itiii-'il  si:(\     (I.  A  triniz-vrrRc  ."irlioii  of  Ihr  ftrmic.     h.    T/n 


"I'l"" 


//  :rh  view  of  the 


:,f  Ihr  iilinr/irc  t/inns  in  tin'  m/7 


77./ 


(/.    77ir  sniiu:  ilirishd  if  the  teslit.      c.    Tin    iiiil'i\'/o. 


il  trill,  Ihr 
f    The 


Besides  the  Fi'-'.  we  have,  in 


this  interestinu-  faniilv  of  plant- 


the   famous  Bread-fruit  of  India  and  the  islands  of  tlu'  Pacilli'; 
the   (.'ow  Tree,  or   Talo   de  Vaca  of  Smtli   America,  which   is 

pply  of  rich 


tai'p 


d   like   a   fountain 


111   vields   a 


copious    su 


and  wholesome  milk.     The  nuts  of  the  liroximinn  (ilnnixlrmn, 
when  roustud,  are  used  in  the  place  of  bread,  in  the  West  Indies, 


(.SACK     01!  AN  (IK,    <>  U     YELLOW     WOOD.     1 1- 

au.l  l.avo  a  ta.tc  similar  to  that  of  ha/ol-unts:  th.>  juice  of  all 
tl.o  plants  of  this  family  also  contains  more  or  less  ol  ea<.ul- 
,.houc.  Amidst  this  generally  harmless  group  of  plants,  it  is 
.i„,n,lar  to  find  the  deadly  Upas  of  Java,  {AuUarl.-<  lo.nn,na.) 
^vhose  inspissated  juice  is  found  to  contain  that  most  virulent 
of  all  poisonous  prin.^iples,  strychnia.  It  is,  however,  some- 
what doul)tful  what  the  real  alfinities  of  this  plant  are,  as  it  is 
iicknowledged  to  he  an  anomaly  in  the  family. 


Vol  IV. -10 


NETTLE   TREE. 


Xiihinil    Onln;    UlmacK/K,    (Mirl)cl.)       Lliiiiiiuii    (Uiisxifiintlnii, 
I'OLYGAMIA,   DiaXIA. 

CELTI8.*    (Lix.v.) 

Flowers  rni.YdAMOi's. — S/iiiiu'dii/i-  lldwcr  witli  tlio  fiilyx  S  or  (J-pnrtiMl. 
(%rollii  iioiic.  <S7(/;;irt(.s  four  to  scvoii.  J\rJ'irl  p.-  rn-  witli  tin'  ciilvx 
ilc('[ily  il-inirtcd.  Xo  curnUa.  Ofitviuin  l-ci'lK'd;  '.he  unilis  t^uWUivy 
and  j>t'ii(liilinis.  Sl^'/kxcry  sliort;  i<li'i/iii(i.'<  two,  (liickisli,  sulmlalt',  iiiid 
sjircadiiitf.  Jhii/ir  j^Holiiilar,  l-.-JociU'd,  thinly  coalid  with  a  r-woilish 
imliL     J'Jiiiliiyii  invfi'ti'd.      ('uli/ldlijiin  loldcd. 


The  troniis  within  its  jiroiicr  hounds  includes  <lo<idnons-loavod 
trees  ot'  South  I'-urope,  tin;  Levant,  the  mountains  of  Xopaul  and 
('ul)iv,  and  the  torosts  of  the  United  States.  The  true  Celtides  have 
alternate,  entire,  iletiduous,  and  mostly  eordate  leaves,  generally 
ohliquc  at  the  base,  o-nerved,  entire,  hut  mostly  serrated  on  tlie 
margin.  The  sti|iule8  are  inemhranaeeoii.s  and  deciduous.  The 
llowers  are  precocious,  or  npiiear  before  the  expansion  of  the  leaves, 
with  alilm-like  irrei,ailarly-torn  membranous  perianth,  the  stamiuifer- 
ous  ones  near  the  base  of  the  branchlet  iieilicellate,  and  three  or  four 
toircther.  The  fertile  llowers  are  solitary  and  axillary,  on  shoi-t 
peiluneles.  The  drupes  brownish  yellow,  rather  sweet,  insipid,  and 
nearly  jiiiceless. 

For  the  tropical  spceies  with  axillary  cymes  coeval  with  the  leaves, 
two  distinct  styles,  and  an  ovary  with  two  ovules,  I  propose  Jie  mime 
of  TuACiiv:ii:NDito.\,  (in  allusion  to  their  rouj^di  ludiescent  leaves  and 
twigs.)  .Most  of  these  species  have  a  tough  librous  bark  of  the  nature 
of  hemp. 


I'l.XiLVIX. 


I 


I'l'llisi  i-ftii'iihili 


.»■„,„//  /„„vv/     Ir///,    /,; 


,/,,„/.■ 


Cki.' 

,1, 

e'i:i. 


'1 
Dr. 
wit 

I''"- 

iiit( 

it,  1 

IIIK- 

ri-i 
wii 
liir 
in;i 
fac 
aid 

k-a 

is 

tli( 


\ 


SilALL-LK.VVED  XETTLE  TURK. 

Ci;l.riS    lU.TKll.ATA.       Fi'lii-'    //(•(.*•//< -/.y,   liihi-iunliilis   siilirnriiiri  !.y,    r!.r  ,1 

(hi-iiiis  i-ttii-iiliit.i,  jhiliiiifiili.s  j'rwli/d-i.i  iiii{ll'>n.<. 
Ciii.Ti.-i  i(KriiLi.ATA.— TouuEV,  ill  AiinuU  of  Lycoiiiii,  X.  Y.,  vol.  ii. 
\K  247. 

This  l.iW--n)\viii-'  siiocics  of  Nctllc      I'f  was  iliscovciv.l  liy 
Dr.  .lames  near  tlio  l.ascof  thv  IW-ky  Moiiii.aiiis;   1  liUcsviso  met 
witli  it  in  the  .simt-  mnmitain   raiijic,  l>y  small  streams,  and  also 
aloii-  the  borders  of  tiie  Urepoii,  toward   the   Jihie   .Moiiiitaiiis, 
lai-ticularly  aioii-  tlie  banks  of  tiie  Urulee,  a  small  stream  fallin;. 
into  that  river.     It  does  not,  in  tiio  situations  where  wo  observed 
it,  become  a  tiud)er  tree,  but  rather  a  tall  shrub,  full  of  .slender, 
and  at  lengtli  smooth,  branches.     The  leaves  become  thick  and 
ri-id,  and  are  aln.ut  an  inch  and  a  half  long  by  k-.ss  than  an  inch 
svid.-.  acute,  but  scarcely  acuminate,  witli  a  few  irreuular  serra- 
lures  toward  the  j)oint  of  the  leaf,  thou-h  a  inimber  of  the  leaves 
may  W  observed  possessin-  no  serratun'S  at  all;  the  upp-'r  sur- 
face is  .sinning  and  .scabrous;   beneath  the  leaves  are  pubescent 
along  the  nerves,  though  at  length   nearly  (luiti;  smootii;   the 
l>etioles  art"  one  or  two  lines  long  and  pubescent;  the  base  of  the 
leaf  is  very  obli(ine,  rounded,  and  slightly  sinuate.!.     The  drupe 
is  gblK..<e,  s(.litary,  brownish  yellow,  on  a  short  peduncle.     Of 
the  wood  of  this  «pccies  nothing  is  yet  known. 


I'LATE    XXXIX. 

.1  braiuh  I'f  tin  luiOiriil.  si;c. 


LOXG-LEAVED   NETTLE   TREE. 


Ckltis  i.oxiiiroi.iA.     /')//( 


ii,i  of(ilo-lii/i('t(il'ilis  jiro)iiii.'<i:  ucuiiiiiiiilis  ni/ri/rrri- 


//.>■  (A 


iiii.s  Id  rii^ii!i.-<  III  nniiii   I, 


'ihris  liiisi  rotmidalis  obliiniis  snbvimadl 


■  1"- 


•IkIi 


ilisfrui'lifi 


( (v^-  (;/(', 


finlilir 


Cki.tis  Ori'iilnilidi.-;  fi  iiitii/ri/u/jn. — XiTT.,  (ion.  Am.,  vol.  i.  j).  202,  (not 
of  Lamauck.) 


This  troo,  finjwiiiir  to  tlio  lioi.ulit  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet, 
iuliiihlts  the  deep  sluuly  fore.st.s  wliicli  Ixjnler  tlie  Missi.'<sip[)i 
from  St.  liouis  to  the  vieiiiity  of  tlie  sea.  Its  even  iuid  not 
(K'eply  cleft  Iji'i'k,  in  tlie  ahsenee  of  its  as[)iring  summit,  iit  once 
distinguishes  this  species  from  the  Common  Hack  Berry.  Like 
all  the  rest  of  the  genus,  (conlined  within  its  proper  limits,)  the 
insignilica)it  lihiiy  llowers  ap}>ear  early  in  the  s[)ring,  hefore  the 
f  the  leaves.     The  small  branches  are  smooth  ami 


expansion  o 
\  elldwisii  hrowi 


The  leaves  are  smooth,  of  a  thin  consist 


(.'lice, 


and  remarkable  for  the  great  length  of  their  acuminated  points, 

of  an  ovate   or  ovate-lanceolate   form,  subteiuled   by  deciduous 

stiimles,  and  at  (irst  pubescent  lieneath,  particularly  along  the 

large  vessels  or  veins;  at  length  almost  absolutely  smooth,  at  no 

time  scabrous  either  aliove  or  beneath,  and  wiiolly  entire  on  tia,' 

margin.     The  length   is  about  Iroiu  three  to  three  and  a  lialf 

inches  by  one  to  one  and  a  half  wiiie.     'I'lie  obli(piity  of  the  base 

varies  accca'ding'  to  the  position  of  the  h'af  on  the  liranch:  those 

(irst  developeil  are  nearly  e(pial  at  b;!se.  andofa  lanceolate  form; 

the  later  ones  are  larger,  wider,  and  more  oblique.     The  llowers 

are  as  usual;  the  males  about  three  together  toward  the  base  of 

the  brancli,  the  females  solitary  and  axillary,  coming  out  with 

the  opening  leaves.     The  stiimens  are  from  five  to  seven.     The 

margin  of  the  calyx-segments  is  pubescent,  but  smooth,  nari'ower, 

and  more  deeply  divided  in  f.  OriiihiitnUs.  to  wliicli  this  species 
Its 


t, 

)i 
.1. 
;o 

LC 

10 
10 

1.1 

us 

lit' 

no 
lu; 
ilf 
ISO 

ISO 

in; 

IM'S 

of 
ith 
;iio 
,i'i\ 


s 


IM.NI, 

1 

1 

/jM 

IMk    w                ,mM 

Awi 

p-\ 


I't'lllH  llllltlll'llllil 

l.iintf  Inltvd    \\lt/r    Inr  ■  {finrii/ni  ,1  fi'itipl'.'  CiiiZ/v 


sliu 


Ci 


c 


TIIIN-LEAVEI)     NETTLE     T  U  E  K.  U'> 

hoars  u  du.c  ullinity.     Tho  berry  i.  or  a  bruwni.h  yellow,  ua  a 
sliurt  peduncle. 

I'LATE  XL. 

A  bnuich  of  llic  wdnnd  size. 


TIIIN-LEAYEl)   NETTLE  TREE. 

C.LTI.  TKNoroLU.     FUli.  I'do-ondi.  ar.uni.atis  ..U,aaUUr  .en-uli. 

,j,s,  cnl>,.'lhas  ladalk  caadlalls  cr<ms  aliud,,  fmdlbm  soUara^:-^ ..  u ., 

({en.  Am.,  i.  p.  202. 
C,:,,,,.  0.r;,l,.l'd:s,  ;i'i   laaOf^iu.-\.^^.,  Euoyc.  Lot.,    W  l->   1- 

I'lnir^oox,  SynopH.,  i.  !>.  2112. 
CrtTis  0.r;,/...A-';.v.-l)AULix,iTuN,  Flcni  C;estnra,  p.  1M>. 
Ckltis  ^...//..-ruusH,  Flor.  Bur.  An,.,  i.  v  ^'^'^  '""^  ""l- 

T,„s  specie.,  nearly  allied  to  C.  Ckridn.lulU.  is  utten  ratlier  a 
.,,n.l/than   a  tree.     Near   HarperV  IW    iu  Vn.ini.  on  tl. 
.unnuits  of  the   nei,hhorin,,   nu.untains  ol   the    Line    hul.c     ,t, 
,„.v.rs  at  the  height  or  two  leet,  with  low  spreadh.,  hranehes. 
In  other  situations  it  beeou^es  a  tree,  as  in  the  vunn.ty  o   Let  de- 
1,,,,,,  in  IVnnsylvania.  and  other  places  in  that  State.     It  ,s  best 
aistin..uished  by  its  broad,  rather  sh.,rt,  and  sn.ooth  leaves  when 
.,.l,.lt,'  and  which  are  not  scabrous  on  the  upp..'  surface :  the  n.ar- 
,..in   is  now  and  then  without  serratures;   their  fonn  is  cordate^ 
ovate,  very  little  a<.un,inated.     The  berries  are  solitary,  brown, 
and  glaucous.     It  is,  perhaps,  little  more  than  a  var.ety  ol   (. 
Orvkhntnlls. 

The  Amku.c.vx  Nf,tt..e  Tukk  {^^CMs  (Whh .talis)  occurs  in 
,hnost  every  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  I  know  a  tree  ot  .t,  east 


1.00  THICK-LEAVED     NETTLE     TREE. 

of  tlic  Connecticut  River,  nciirly  five  icct  in  diiunctor." — G.  13. 
Emkusox,  Esq. 

TincK-u:Avi:»  Nf.ttlk  Tp.kf.  or  Hack  Bkkuv,  {CcHis  crmsl/oHti.) 
This  species  is  reauily  distinguished  by  the  large  size,  thickne.><s, 
and  roughness  of  tlie  leaves;  tlicy  are  often  full  six  inches  long 
hy  more  than  three  inches  Avide.  The  llowers,  which  arc  very 
inunerous,  (in  the  trees  of  the  forests  of  Kentucky,)  appear  long 
before  the  development  of  the  leaves,  and  are  subtended  by  broad 
caducous  bractes.  The  divisions  of  the  calyx  are  spathulate, 
cucullate,  scarcely  torn,  and  not  ciliate.  The  fruit,  as  well  as 
the  llowers,  from  the  falling  of  the  small  leaves  which  acccjm- 
pany  it,  often  appears  disiujsed  in  racemes.  The  dru[)es  are  dark 
brown,  nearly  black.  This  species  also  admits  of  .some  variety. 
In  some  the  leaves  are  larger  and  more  pubescent  or  even  hirsute, 
while  others  arc  nearly  smooth  when  adult. 

The  wooil  of  the  Nettle  Tree  of  Europe  is  Iilackish,  hard,  and 
compact,  heavy  and  without  sap-,vood.  It  is  so  pliable  and 
tenacious,  that  it  will  bend  nnich  without  breaking;  it  therefore 
makes  a  good  wood  for  the  ,<hafts  of  carriages  and  other  uses  of 
the  wheelwright.  It  forms  hoops  which  are  very  durable;  and 
it  is  said  that,  after  ebony  and  box,  it  surpasses  all  otliers  in 
durability,  strength,  and  beauty.  It  is  likewise  unattacked  by 
worms;  and  is  esteemed  fa- works  of  sculpture,  as  it  neither  con- 
tracts nor  cracks.  The  roots  serve  as  a  dye  Ibr  linen  stuffs;  and 
an  oil  has  been  obtained  from  the  seeds  very  similar  to  that  of 
sweet  almonds. 


I'l   Zl.l. 


Ill,  I  If  1 1,1  1 1 


Fit  lis  |K'  iliiri('ul;il;i 


I Hfinir  ijnhih,  itll 


N, 


r» 


ii 
li 


FIG     THE  E  S. 


Xatnntl  Onhi;  Aktocarpk.t;,  (R.  Brown.)     Llnnmin  Chi^.'^ifi'i,- 
dnn,  I'OI.VGAMIA,  DkECIA. 

FICUS.*    (TouRN.  Linn.) 

l„,v,,.TOUS.— Tlio  common  recoi.tiU'lo  sphcriciil  or  pyrifomi,  rcsoinliliii.; 
ii  berry,  ilosliy  iind  closed,  inclnaiiii!;  numoroiis  iVistinrt  aiul  iiiinut.' 
H.iwHMv.  iV"'>;  calyx  S-i.arted.  CuroUa  none.  Stamn>.<!  one  to 
tlirco.  FrnUi  with  tlio  calyx  i5  to  n-partod,  and  no  corolla.  7Vv- 
lllliim  one;  stylo  one,  suluilate  ;  tlic  stigma  simple  or  bifid  and  un- 
equal.    &rd  one,  covered  by  the  persistent  subcarnose  calyx. 

Lactescent  trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  of  Tropical  America,  Africa,  a,i,l 
India;  leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  stipules  terminal,  conical,  r,,nv.iiu1.'. 
Kecepta.les  mostly  axillary,  solif.iry,  or  crowded,  rarely  disp,,sed  in 
terminal  racemes,  often  bracteolato  at  base. 


CIIERUY    FIG   TREE. 

Frcus  I'KnrNCUi.ATA.  Foi;:.'^  onilo-uhhwi/is  ailriinrlmis  acHwiuoH.'^  ohtiisis, 
/,,,..;  ohsol.tr  r,n;l„lh,  rarpl,iriii;.<  ;/h,hos!s  sulH/n,iin<iti-i  caluculatis  jn'dun- 
,,,/„/;,,._Wn.U).,  Sp.  pi.,  AiToN.,  TTort.  Tvesven.,  vol.  iii.  p.  Ar,0. 

i7,w/.v  ,n-hor  AnirriraiK',  avhtill  follis  von  sar'ita,fn'rh<  pis!,  w.n/mlwlhu; 


*  A  Latin  word  of  uiiciTtaiii  derivation. 


151 


1.-2 


CIIi;  l!I!Y     FIC     TKKF':. 


fiiinriii;.^  e  rfiiiii.1  (III  iiiTniii  iliiiitsnis  prolifd-d. — l'i,rKi:N.,  Aliiiiifj.,  y. 
lit,  till..  17H,  iij;.  4.? 

Tins  species  of  Fig  Tree  wiis  (liscovercd  hy  Jii(((ii!ii  in  tiic 
islaml  of  Miirliiiiiitie;  it  is  also  imligenous  to  suiiie  other  nl'  tiie 
We.st  Iiidiii  I.-lamls,  as  well  us  to  the  iieij;hl)i)riii:x  coiitiiitiit  of 
Tropical  AiinTica.  At  Key  West,  aeeonliiij;  to  Dr.  IJlodgett,  it 
heeoiiies  a  large  spremling  tree  fifty  feet  in  lieiglit,  and,  like  some 
otlier  siH-'cies,  particularly  tlie  famous  nauyau  Tree,  (/'.  IikIIki.) 
it  sends  down  rwjts  from  its  lofty  branches  resembling  roi)es, 
which,  on  reaching  the  soil,  at  length  become  so  niaiiy  indejien- 
(Iciit  trunlss,  in  turn  producing  others;  and,spreailing  themselves 
on  all  sides  without  interruption,  they  present  a  united  summit 
of  prodigious  extent,  which,  reposing  on  a  multitude  of  trunks 
of  dilferent  dimensions,  .seems  like  the  airy  vault  of  some  vast 
edifii'e  sustained  by  iumnneralde  columns. 

The  bark  ol'  the  branches  ai)])ears  to  be  gray  and  even;  the 
leaves  are  very  .-mooth  on  botli  sides,  luit  covered  with  innumer- 
able minute  dots  on  the  ujpcr  .surface.  They  are  three  to  four 
inchet  lo;ig,  one  and  a  half  U)  two  inclies  wide,  witii  a  peduncle 
fi'rtjiii  one  and  a  half  inches  long.  They  have  a  few  distant 
penn  ^tc'  nerves  inosculating  toward  the  nuirgin  of  the  leaf, 
with  !;. numerable  intermediate  slender  reticulations  of  vessels; 
they  arc  generally  of  an  ovate  form,  roimded  or  almost  cordate 
at  the  base,  with  a  short  and  blunt  acnnuination;  from  their 
a.xils  ari.'^e  one  or  two  pcdinicli's  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  each  tenninated  by  u  bifid  involucel,  improperly  called  a 
caly.K.  The  figs  themselves  are  nearly  globose,  but  sensibly 
wider  at  the  sinumit,  about  tlu'  magnitude  of  small  cherries, 
greenish-yellow  and  purple  at  the  summit,  (as  they  iippear  in  a 
withered  state.)  with  a  few  purplish  pale  spots. 


Of  thi.s  species  there  appears  to  be  a  distinct  variety,  if  not  a 
species,  which  I  shall  for  the  present  call  /i  nvntu ;  the  leaf  is 


PIXLU. 


I'iiUN   til  I'vildlii 


.Sliiiil  iiilliil  till  llff. 


I'HIiir.tr  II  liiillhy  i riir/r.t. 


oiiir 

bom 
size 


Fk 


W 

in; 
nil 
iii 


I.. 

Vv 
1. 
SI 

ii! 

ti 


SIIORT-LEAVED    FIG     THEE. 


153 


elliptic,  shortly  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  and  faintly  nerved 
beneath.  It  also  becomes  a  large  tree,  producing  a  fig  about  the 
.size  of  a  cherry,  which  is  yellow  when  ripe. 


PLATE  XLT. 

A  bnwrh  of  the  ndurul.  .•<!:,:.     a.    '!%•  frnil. 


SIIORT-LEAVED   FIG  THEE. 

Fi,TS  r.KKViKOi.iA.  Folds  conlalo-orat:.^  hdcfjm-l  •/>■,  vhUtsU  aU„;rh:lk 
l„;rli,.i;olal/s;/M,ns,  ra,!.^  hnmcisL^,  rarptaMC^  ;ihho,i^  d. preset,  am- 
IdUralis  ^oWards  hird  pahuirukti^,  mrolucdlis  hijidis. 

Tins  is  also  a  species  of  arborescent  Fig,  indigenous  to  Key 
Wi'st,  in  East  Florida,  but  by  no  means  common,  and,  accord- 
in-  tc'  I>r.  lilodgett.  its  discoverer,  it  forms  a  tree  with  a,  sUMidcr, 
rdmost  hori/ontal,  stem,  which  in  its  progress  tlirows  oiV  funicu- 
lar roots,  that  serve  as  props  to  prevent  the  main  trunk  Iro.u 
iK'coming  entirely  prostrate. 

The    branches   are   covered   vith  a  light   gray  bark,     il.e 
-..aves  arc  about  two  i aches  loig  by  one  and  a  h;ilf  uk:1;cs 
xvi..',  perfectly  smooth  on  both    surfaces,  on  peti.^les  from  one- 
.  .1  t..  thrce-fourihs  ,/  an  inch  lung.     The  veins  on  the  under 
surface  are  so  fir  immersed  as  to  be  scarcely  visible.     The  ligs, 
about  the  size  of  small  cherries,  are  of  a  llatlened,  spheroidal 
form,  at  first,  as  well  as  the  bilid  involucrum,  slenderly  villous; 
they  grow  out  chielly  at  the  extremities  of  the  twigs,  on  thick 
pclieels,  about  two  or  three  lines  long,  and  when  ripe  are  ol  a 
bright ish  purple  red.     We  do  not  iind  any  species  with  which 
the  present  agrees.     From  the  description  and  spccitic  name, 
IV.— ui* 


154 


8  M  A  L  L  -  F  R  i:  I  T  E  D     F  I<  i     1  R  E  ]■]. 


wo  should  suppose  tlie  present  species  allied  to  the  F.  junTi/d/i'd 
of  IIuuil)i)ldt  iiud  Bonphmd,  hut  it  dilTers  too  much  to  be  f-- 
IciTcd  to  that  species. 

TLATE  XLII. 

A  bruitrli  (if  llu'  lidhiml  size. 


SMALL-FRUITED   FIG   TREE. 

Ficfs  AUREA.  Ghihm,fiili<s  inlri/irriiiii.'!  dlijiliri.^s  siilifiniDiimlis  nrulins- 
cidis  hasi  jilcrisipie  anyaxkilis  pomliicrriis  brcci-pcthilatix,fru('lihus  (jlo- 
bosis  gcmmatls  semlihus  inrolucratis,  involucris  subtrifulis  majusculis. 

fi  i,ATii'OLiA.     Fuliis  hilo-ovalis  subcUiptms. 

This  species,  according  to  its  discoverer.  Dr.  Blodgett,  he- 
comes,  at  Key  ^Vest,  in  East  Fh)rida,  ;i  large  tree,  at  first 
parasitical  on  other  trees,  l)ut,  destroying  its  supporter,  it  at 
length  reaches  the  ground  and  forms  an  independent  trunk  of 
lar-.e  dimensions.  It  hears,  however,  a  very  insignificant  fruit, 
only  ahout  the  size  of  a  pea,  an<l  orange-yellow  when  ripe. 

The  branches  are  covered  with  a  whitish  Ijark.  The  leaves, 
three  to  four  and  a  half  inches  long,  are  from  one  and  a  half 
to  two  and  a  half  broad ;  the  ])eduncles  are  about  an  inch  in 
lentith.  The  form  of  the  leaves  is  almost  similar  with  those 
of  the  Orange,  elliptic  au<l  narrower  below,  with  a  rounded 
summit,  and  a  very  short,  rather  acute,  projecting  point  or 
acnmination ;  they  are  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  with 
conspicuous  feathered  nerves  which  run  together  witiiin  the 
margin.  The  ligs  are  sessile,  clustered  by  pairs,  with  a  snnili, 
valvular  orifice,  and  are  nearly  half  embraced  by  the  sheathing, 
liidd  or  trilld.  one-sided  iuvolucrum. 


I'l  Xlilll. 


'"^'ni't//  l'nf/7tf^  /tff  tt 


I'll   MS      AltlCa 


lii{mtr  f/off 


tint 
CiUl 

t.  2 
or  1 
ill 
luiv 
Uk 


th 

T 

in 

h 
a 

V 

ti 
() 
{ 
V 


BANYAN     TREE.  '•'"' 

This  sp'olos  appears  to  be  very  nearly  allied  to  tl.e  F.  Mar- 
l!uicc„.U  of  Willdenow,  (the  F.  hnmfuUa  of  Lamarck;)  but  we 
can  by  no  means  reconcile  it  to  Sluane's  figure,  (liist.  Jam, 
t  '>-'3  )  for  in  that  species  the  leaves  are  lanceolate,  and  eight 
or""niue  inches  long  by  two  .vide,  on  petioles  two  inches  or  more 
iu  length;  the  fruit  is  also  said  to  be  scarlet,  of  the  size  of  a 
ha/.el-mit,  and  sweetish  and  not  unpleasant.  In  our  variety  [i 
the  leaves  are  wholly  oval  and  not  narrowed  at  the  base. 

PLATE  XLIII. 

A  bmwii  uj  Ihf  imlnml  size. 


The  milkv  juice  of  the  Fig  Tree  is  more  or  less  acrid  and 
fcti.l,  however  sweet  and  wholesome  the  fruit  may  be,  and 
that 'of  the  Firm  toximna  of  Sumatra  is  accounted  poisonous. 
The  sap  of  several  of  the  South  American  and  Mexican  species, 
inspissated,  affords  caoutchouc. 

The  cultivated  Fig,  [Flais  mrim,)  in  its  wild  state,  is  an 
lu.mMe  and  distorted  shrul),  aflbcting  rocks  and  ruins,  bearing 
•v  rvnit  of  inferior  flavor,  but  with  the  parts  of  fructification 
very  perfect.  Such  figs  as  seem  to  drop  off  before  maturity 
arc  commonly  those  in  which  the  stamens  are  most  numerous 
or  effective.  These  are  carefully  collected  in  the  Levant  to  fer- 
tilize the  female  blossoms  of  the  cultivated  Fig,  which  will  ex- 
plain the  mystery  of  caprljkailon.  Iu  these  countries  the  fruit 
fresh,  or  dried  in  the  sun,  forms  an  important  part  of  the  fo..d 
of  the  inhabitants. 

The  B.VNVAN-  Tree,  (F/rz/v  Twlha.)  nearly  allied  to  our 
F  mura,  becomes  in  India  an  iiuiiieuso  tree,  spreading  v.mt 
wide,  and  throwing  down  rope-like  roots  into  the  soil.     M.rs- 


160 


BANYAN    TREE. 


dvu  moutions  one  of  those  growing  near  Menijroe,  twenty  miles 
west  of  Patiui,  in  15en-iil,  whieli  gave  the  enormous  (liameter 
of  :!70  feet ;  the  cireinnferencc  of  the  shiulow,  at  noon,  was 
11 IG  feet,  and  there  were  fifty  or  sixty  stems.  It  is  called  the 
Priests'  Tree,  and  is  held  in  sneh  veneration  hy  the  Gentoos, 
that  if  any  one  c-ts  olf  a  hrancli,  he  is  looked  ui)on  as  sacrile- 
gious, and  held  in  the  greatest  abhorrence. 


r^ 


J 


I'l.XI.IV 


I'rntii'iiiis  Kitii'jimiciis 


/!•-,/  7Vl<: 


fft\tvf  i-imiu 


'mM 


II  AWT  HORN. 


Nalaral   Order,    RosACE.E,   {suborder,   PoME.K,   Jus/icii.)      Lin- 
vmui  Cln-ssifwatiun,  ICOSANDUIA,  Dl rENTACiVXIA. 

CRATAEGUS.     (Linn.,  cxclndin,!?  some  species.) 

Adiiafo  rv;(,/.,-.tu"nc  un-colate,  with  a  rt-elel't  lionler.  l\l<iU  five,  or- 
l)i(Miliir.  Si'imrns  fiftoeii  ■  :•  iJioro.  f^h/'r.s  three  to  five,  (rar«;ly  one.) 
J'umc  or  apple  fleshy,  ovate  or  jrlobosc,  closed  and  crowned  with 
the  persisting  tecth  of  the  calyx,  and  containing  two  to  five  hard 
1-seeded  nuts. 

These  are  spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  almost  exclusively  indige- 
nous to  Euroiie  and  tin  United  rtates  of  America,  with  simple,  angn 
hnly-h-.hed,  incised,  or  toothed  lo;.,es,  furnished  with  stipules  of 
somewluit  di  tlcrent  forms  on  the  fertile  or  infertile  branches.  FIowims 
white,  in  terminal  corymbs,  sometimes  solitary.  Bractcd  subulate, 
deci<luous.     The  fruit  rather  small,  sweet,  or  agreeably  acidulous. 


RED  TllOIlX,  OR  STBEillAN  HAWTHORN. 

(hiAT.Kiii'S  SANfiuiNKA.  Spomsii,  fiiliif:  scptangiiUs  srrrnti.i  lio.-ii  imidnclis 
pifloli^  s'lliMdiyii'idi-: — J'ai.i.as,  Flora  Rossica,  vol.  i.  p.  'J;">,  tub.  11, 
(very  good.) 

CuAT.v.iiis  SVMJUINEA.  Lcavcs  broa<lly  obovate,  somewhat  cunea*'^  at 
the  base,  incised  and  serrate,  often  slightly  T)  to  7-lobcd,  a  little 
pubescent  wdieii  young,  on  short  petioles,  at  length  coriaceous  and 
shining;  corymbs  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent;  segments  of 

1.57 


ir.M     11  El)    TIIOIJN,    on    sir.  EI!  1  AX    11  AW  TIM)  I!  N. 


tlic  calyx  entire, 
3—1:   I'ruit   irloi) 


iiiul,  iifi  wel 


icdict'ls,  not  srlaiuliil 


,ir:  sl\le.-* 


.— T 


oititEV   and   GiiAV,   Fh 


X.  Ai 


11.  404. 


[i  DiAKjluaii     opines  short  and  stcmt,  (loi 


cultivation,  Lintdmi ;) 


fruit  small,  dark  puriilc. 
CiiAT.i'.uus  punrktio,  ,9  hrcri.'<]>i)ia. — Doi'iii,.,  in  JIohk.  Flor.  ISor.  Am., 

vol  i.  p.  -201. 
CR.STAGUS  glamlulosa. — Puiisii,  vol.  i.  [>.  .'joT,  (as  it  regards  the  plant 

collected  by  Ca^it.  Lewis  in  the  Ivoeky  Mountains.) 
Cua;ta(1us  JJfi/ii/l'i.-ii. — LiXDL.,  15ot.  liegist.,  tab.  liSlO.    Louno.v,  Arbor. 

Brit.,  vol.  iii.  p.  «-';]. 

TiiLS  .'specios  of  Hawthorn,  whicli  becomes  a  tree  eighteen  to 
tweiity-five  feet  in  lieiglit,  is  lirst  met  witli  to  the  West,  on  liie 
borders  of  rivulets,  in  tiie  range  of  the  Hooky  Mountains,  par- 
ticularly on  their  nestern  declivity,  from  whence  it  continues 
along  the  banks  of  the  Oregon,  and  partictdarly  its  triliuturies, 
down  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  We  foinid  it  also,  in  great 
pt'rfectioii,  loaded  with  its  sweet,  nearly  black,  and  pleasant  fruit, 
on  tlie  banks  of  tlie  Wahlam(>t.  The  stem  attains  to  aliout  the 
diameter  of  three  to  six  inches,  with  a  whitish,  compact,  close- 
grained  wood,  of  which,  in  common  with  the  Cralj  Apiile  of  that 
comdry,  the  natives  make  their  wedges  for  splitting  trees. 

The  Siberian  plant,  according  to  Pallas,  b(\iiins  to  be  found  to 


the  south  of  the  Ui'alian  Mouidaius.  and  continues  1 


M'voni 


1  11 


Obi  through  all  the  southern  tract  of  Sll)eria.  in  dry  mountainous 
situations,  and  in  the  thickets  which  border  the  iiigiier  rivulets; 
exactly  the  sort  of  situations  afTected  by  the  American  plant 
in  tlie  aljiine  region  where  it  commences.  It  also,  like  ours, 
liecomes  a  (fee  twelve  to  eiiihteeii  feet  in  heiiiht. 


id  Vh 


■nk  of  lin<liiig  haws,  prolialily  of  tills 


the  following  species,  on  Flat  Head  I'iver.  which  heads 
the  sources  of  the  Missouri. 


aiiaiiist 


Almost  entirely  deprived  of  vegetable  lliod.  every  accession  of 


I'ruit.  however  mea'jre,  was  hailed  with  delii;ht  b\  our  fan 


ilslieil 


11  ED   TIKI  UN,    OR    SinEllIAN    II  A^Y  T  II  0  R  N.  iry.t 

party,  iiud  the  ripo  barrios  of  lliis  Ihie  Hawthorn  vviv  colU'cti'd 
will!  avidity.  The  bu.slies,  or  rather  trees,  were,  however,  so  liiiiii 
that  we  eould  only  come  at  the  fruit  on  horseback,  or  after  ascend- 
ing the  trunk,  which  often  appeared  ecpial  to  that  of  an  ordinary 

Apple  Tri'c. 

The  summit  of  the  tree  is  round  and  spreading,  and  the  thorns 
vary  in  size,  though  they  are  often  short,  and  in  no  case  nume- 
rous.     Tlie    leaves    arc    broad    and    somewhat    rounded    aljove, 
euneate  at  the  ba.sc,  smooth  on  the  upper  suriace,  and  always 
more  or  less  puljescent  beneath;  the  margin  is  inci.se  and  serrate, 
and  divided  often  into  five  to  seven  shallow  lol)es.     The  tlowers 
are  white,  rather  large,  and  numerous,  disposed  in  a  corymb, 
with  the   peduncles  and  ba.se  of  the  calyx  more  or  less  pilose 
and  glandular.     The  styles,  three  or  four,  are  occasionally  as 
many  as  live.     The  segments  of  the  calyx  are  rather  long  and 
acuminated,  menibrn       eons  on  the  margin,  and  appressed  to  the 
llower.     The  berries  uiv  4iortly  elliptic  or  oval,  and  ncarb  black 
or  dark  purple  when  ripe.     In  the  Siberian  plant,  dese.ili.'.l  by 
I'aUa.s,  they  are  scarlet;  but  he  ni.i.u  ks  that,  according  to  Steller, 
the  haws  of  Kamischatka  are  both  red    ind  l)lack,  a;,d  tinit  there 
tlu'y  are  not  only  used  as  agreeable  fruits,  init  are  also  collected 
for  the  purpose  of  distillation  into  s[.irit.-..     A  good  spirit    s  liki- 
wise  obtained  by  the  fermentation  and  distillat.uu  of  the  fnnt  of 
the  connnon  Hawthorn,  {C.o.n/(UiiiilJi<i.) 

This  species  is  very  nearly  allied  to  C.ri„'r!i<'.i,  with  which 
indeed  Tallas  compares  it;  but  in  f.  nn'rina,  the  1.  ives  have 
longer  petioles  it  luars  nuicli  larger  llowers,  wilhl;>>"ivr. segments 
to  the  calyx.  The  fruit  is  also  (in  our  plant  nailer,  and  the 
plant  more  decidedly  arborescent. 


I'L.VTE  XLIV. 

^l  bi-iwh  i]f  the  V'lli.md  ,sui'.     a.    'J'hejnnt. 


RIVER  HAWTHORN. 

CuAT.Ecus  itivri.Aui.s.  FoUis  ovalis  rd  ohomt'i ..  ohla.sis  aciiti.irc.  inei.so- 
:<rrr((tis  bd.^i  (ill()ii(itl!.'>  brcri-prHnliili.^-;  ctin/ndii.i  i,,..':jliiri.<  (/luliri-'-;  ihiri- 
bus  ■parculifi,  rahiris  laciniis  obltisii  bncis.\-!nil.s  iiilin''lidii.-'i.t ;  fniclibiis 
m'l/ri)). — Xltt.,  ill  ToiuiEY  and  Gray,  Flor.  'N.  Am.,  vol,  i.  p.  'Mi. 

(9  CUNKATA.     Spiiiis  brtfibu.i,  foUis  cuncalis  oblim-'^,  inchi.^. 

Along  the  shady  hordors  of  the  rivulets  of  the  Roc'x-y  Momi- 
taius  we  ol)sei'ved  this  speeies  hk'iided  with  tiie  f()riiu'r,  Ix'eoiiiiiij;- 
e(|ually  a  tree  and  produciiif:!;  the  same  kind  of  'jleasant  daric 
fruit.  It  was  also  oijS'>rved  1)V  i)on,t;las  in  tiie  interior  of  Oregon, 
wlierc  we  likewise  met  witli  it.  It  is,  in  all  prohahility,  the 
smoother,  supposed  variety  of  C.  pHndatit,  mentioned  hy  Hooker 
in  his  Flora. 

The  branches  arc  reddish  brown,  tlie  leaves  n^ai'ly  as  entire  as 
those  of  tlie  Ai)i)le  Tree,  exee;'t  in  li,  whiTe  tliey  are  sli  :litly 
lobed;  l)eneath  very  smooth,  sliglitly  pulx'scent  above,  ataite  and 
rather  sharply  serrate,  with  long  spines.  Tli"  peduncles  and  calyx 
jierfeetly  smooth,  the  segments  of  the  latter  mere  broad,  obtuse 
dehtiiiis.  Tlu^  flowers  are  wliite  and  smaller  than  in  the  |)re- 
ccdihL  The  berries  are  also  Ijhiek,  and  possess  nearly  the  same 
sweet  and  ratlu'r  insipid  tasteoftheConnnon  Haw,  {C.<i.ri/iiiii;:'b(i.) 


LANCE-LEAYED    ITAWTIIORX. 


CuATyHiii'S  AiUiiiiiKsi  \s.  /ill  niii.-',fuliifi  bniiYiiliilis  iiiri.-'ii-.'-irriili.t  iifviii- 
tjiic  (icntl.s  rur'tUr  sidibibntis  ()Jiihri--<  fiiihtiis  ail  rniis  jinln  riili-",  rnn/inbis 
■niiil/ijiuris;  mUcibiis  i)llv-fis  birliiii'^  subiilnlis  iii/ii/ri^^Jluribii.s  pi  iitiiifi/ni". 

CuAT/Kors  arbori  'irn-1. — P^i.mott,  tSkutcb.,  vol.  i.  p.  TjoO.     Touk.  uiid 

<;iiAV.  Flor.  N.  Am.,  vol.  i.  [>.  tiiij. 
Kill 


II- 

^'A 
•k 

11, 
er 

us 

l>' 
111 

ISO 

ri'- 
ii(^ 


nii- 

,!,;.-■ 

'its. 
,111(1 


v\wx. 


rralu'yiiK  ^pbon'sriMiK 


IdftiY  /rumf   A^IH'Mi^  ft 


.iitxter  orhi'if^u'ni  . 


L  A  X  C  E  -  L  !•:  A  ^•  i:  D    11  A  AV  T  HORN. 


1(11 


AccoiiDiXG  to  Klliott,  tliis  s^pocii's  IiocoiiU's  ii  tivc  of  twi'ut}-  to 
thirty  I'wt  in  lifii^lit,  with  spiviuliii--  liniiichcs.  The  IViiit  is 
oU)h(isc',  quite  small,  and  rcil.  Ol'tiic  ((iiaiity  of  the  wood  uothin;'; 
is  yet  known;  lint  nearly  all  tlie  arliorescent  sjieeief  are  of  slow 
growth,  and  have  whitish,  close-grained,  very  hard,  and  durable 
Mood;  that  of  the  Connnon  Hawthorn  {C.  oj-i/'ic(tii//i<i)  is  tough, 
iind  in  England  is  used  oceasiunuUy  for  axle-trees  and  handles 
of  tools. 

Tiie  Lance-leaved  Thorn  of  Mr.  Elliott  was  found  on  the 
borders  of  thi-  Ogeechee  l!i\-er,  in  Georgia,  near  Fort  ArgyU  ,  and 
near  New  Orleans,  and  in  Texas  by  Drumniond  and  Uerlandier. 
It  is  without  armature.  The  leaves  are  lanceolate,  acute  at  eacii 
end,  deeply  serrated,  smootii  both  above  and  beneath,  exceiit 
.some  small  tufts  of  hairs  at  the  (hvisions  of  tlie  veins,  sometimes 
slightly  lo1)ed  toward  the  sunnnit,  (tliough  not  at  all  in  our  speci- 
men.) The  llowers  are  small,  the  calyx  hairy  at  the  base,  with 
the  segments  snudl  and  subulate. 

To  .show  the  great  age  to  which  the  Common  Hawthorn 
attains.  Witliering  states  of  tlie  variety  called  the  Clastonbury 
Thorn,  existing  in  his  time,  in  a  lane  by  the  churchyard  of  tiie 
aliliey,  (ISdl,)  "It  appears  to  be  a  very  old  tree.  An  old  woman 
of  ninety  never  rememl)ers  it  otiierwise  tiian  as  it  now  ajijiears. 
ll  blossoms  twice  a  year:  the  wint'H' l)lossoms,  which  are  almost 
the  si/.e  of  a  sixpence,  ai)i)ear  abiait  (.'hri.stmas,  and  sooner,  if  the 
winter  be  severe.  These  produce  no  fruit."  Tlie  summer  llowers 
bore  berries  containing  only  a  single  seed,  which,  when  sown,  pro- 
duced plants  nowi.'^e  din'ering  from  the  (ommon  kind. 

The  Common  Hawthorn,  though  so  lunnble  in  the  hedgerow 
beneath  the  cropping  of  the  shears,  when  suflered  to  grow  uj) 
and  stand  alone  attains  the  ordinary  size  of  an  Apple  Tree; 
and.  occupying  the  village  green  for  a  long  series  of  years,  it 
beconu's  connected  with  our  earliest  recollections  of  the  joyful 
arrival  of  s[)ring.  The  n/d  TLiirt]t<irii.  again  white  with  its  fra- 
grant blossoms,  and  their  falling  on  the  gro\uid  like  a  shower  of 

Vdi..   IV.— 11 


it;2 


N  A  K  E  I>  -  F  L  (>  W  K  RED     11  A  W  T  1 1  0  I!  N. 


wiiow,  iiuirks  a  deliglitl'iil  itii  in  tlio  tlistiiiit  rcmini.scenci'.s  of  ^\n^ 
writer,  when  yet  the  simplest  Ijikjii  oi"  niitiire  gave  deiiglit. 
With  these  pleasing  recollections  of  the  past,  how  toiiciiinj;  iiiid 
fiTiiphic  are  those  beautiful  lines  of  Goldsmith  descriptive  of  tlie 
"Deserted  Village:"— 

"Tlio  Iliiwtliiiin  Ijiisli,  with  swits  ln'iu'iitli  tlw  s1i;h1i>, 
]'\ir  tiilkinj;  ml'i'  anil  jmilliful  ciiiivi'i'so  iiiiiilc! 
IIiiw  cil'ti'ii  liiivo  I  Ijli'ss'il  llu'  comiii};  (liiy, 
When  toil  ri'miltiiij;-  lent  its  luni  to  Jilny, 
AikI  ;i11  tlic  villn^c  tniiii,  fniiii  liilmr  I'no, 
lii'il  up  tlK'ir  spurts  Ijeiicatb  tlio  sjiroadinj;  Irco," 

PLATE  XLV. 

A  liraw-h  (if  III'  luitiiriil  si:i'.     n.    Tin'  (jcvm  (ii)il  s/i/lrn. 


NAKED-rLOWEIlED   IIAWTIIORX, 
APPLE   HAW. 

('UAT.TliiTIS  jT.STTVATJS.  SnlisiiiiiiiSH,  jlurilmfi  pViTnifilnis,  fulus  rilihuii/n- 
ciinrifortinhiis  rcl  dlipllcls  hrcri-jiiliiihitis  opicr  siilisitiiKitn-dcnhili.i  inii/n- 
Intis  vrl  inr-ifio-rremitis  rariim  Iriluhatis,  jnmorHnin  iniiHudis'is,  ihniiiin 
flliihrho,  .mhtti.'^  (id  ?•(•))/.«  pidicfccndbus ;  ciin/iiifu's  :]  tid  I't-Jlnri.'t  ijUiliris, 
I  iihiiididiisix ;  .■>fi/li.'i  4-5,  fri(rl!liiis  nKixiiiiis  i/loliu.^is  ruhrix. 

CuAT.TitiUS  ((.'■■tiridi.'!. — TiiKKKY  and  Orav,  Flor.,  i.  p.  4GS. 

CuAT.KtiUS  cUiplic'i. — iM,Lii>rr,  f>ketch.,  i.  p.  .041). 

CuATiEaus  opaca. — IlouK  and  AiiNoTT,  Compaii.  Botaii.  Magaz.,  vol.  i. 
p.  L'5. 

Mispibis  (I'sUcalis. — Wai.tku,  Flor.  Caroliiiiana,  p.  14S, 

Triis  is  another  iU'boresceiit  species  of  Hawthorn  confined  to 
the  Southern  States  of  the  Union,  growing  along  the  low,  wet 


N  A  K  K  l)-V  1, 1)  W  E  11  K  D     11  A  W  T  11  U  1!  N. 


IC,:', 


Ijiiiiks  of  rivers  and  ponds,  from  South  Carolinii  and  Gi'or^ia  to 
Florida:  it  grows  also  in  Louisiana  and  Arl<ansas.  In  Florida, 
it  is  already  in  llower  in  the  early  part  of  the  month  oC  Mareh, 


and  presents  a  \i'ry  uuu> 
)!•  1 


il 


i|ipeai'anee,  as  yet  nearly  destitute 


of  leaves,  or  presenting  oidy  llieir  unfolding  silky  huds.     The 
{lowers  are  nearly  as  large  as  aiiple-lilossonis 


,liitt 


md  pure  wliite. 

It  becomes  at  length  a  true  of  twenty  or  tliirty  feet  in  lieiglit, 
branching  from  the  base.  The  leaves  are  elli|)tical  or  oblong 
wedge-sha|)ed,  on  tlu'  infertile  branches  often  obovate,  on  .-Iiort 
petioles,  toward  the  summit  sinuately  toothed,  angled,  or  irregu- 
larly crenate,  rai'ely  three-loljed  or  cleft,  (piite  whitely  tonientose 
when  young  before  expansion,  at  length  glabrous,  but  clothed 
along  the  veins  beneath  with  a  brownish  pubescence.      The 


cory 


nibs  are  o  to  5-llowered,  and  smooth.      The  divisions  of 


the  calyx  are  short,  triangular,  smooth,  and  without  glands; 
tlio  styles  are  four  or  I'lw.  The  fruit,  which  becomes  red,  is 
very  large  and  round,  rii)ening  in  May  or  June,  and  is  one-half 
or  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  juicy,  fragrant,  of  an 
agreeable  subacid  taste,  and  is  nuich  esteemed  for  tiirts,  jellies, 
and  other  articles  of  the  dessert. 


Oth 


spc 


cies  of  Hawthorn,  indigenous  to  the  I'nited  States 


might  Ije  adduced  as  attaining  the  si/e  of  tret's  from  ten  to 
twenty-li\e  feet  in  height;  but,  as  we  have  little  or  no  notice  of 
their  use  and  economy,  we  shall  at  present  omit  tlu'Ui. 


c  II  i:  11 11 Y  T  II  v:  i:. 


X,il,n;il  Onl'i:  Hosack.k,  {.sii/innh i\  Amv(;i>ai.i;  k.  .Iiissicii.)  /.in- 

iKIilu    Clilss'ijiinruiii,    ICOSANDItlA,  MoNdCVMA. 

CEHASUS.     (Ji-ssiKU.) 

r„///r  nivcoIalr-liciiiisplK'nciil;  tlio  iHirdcr  tivo-fv  •>  '.■cidiKms. 
I'll.ils  -inviidiii^-.  St'dit,!!^  lifliTii  til  tliirly.  O'W/',/ uhihiMiis,  Willi 
two  (MillatlTill  I'didllldlis  ovul''^.  />/•"/"'  .H'lol'osc!,  fleshy,  ilrstilllio 
of  bloom;  tliu  ?'"/  imnl  mid  liony,  mostly  globoso  and  ovon. 

Trcos  or  slinih.s  (dricfly  of  tli.'  tmiiHTuti'  imrts  of  Kiiropo  iiiid 
North  Amrrifii,  foriiiin,';'  scvurul  natural  sections.  Leaves  serrated, 
deekluous  or  suiniiorviroiit. 


§  I.  Floinrs  corymlmo  or  rhixkral.      Lnivcs  (held units.     True 

CUEKUIKS. 

SOFT-LEAYED   CIIERIIY. 

Ckhascs  mollis.  Foliis  oblongis  nvalkrc  phrisqiw  ohln.-i.'i  sm-nhills  suliins 
toiiiiiilo.^o-iiubcf!ccntihHs,  corymbi'i  rdArmo.sis  5  ad  G-Jluri'i  l<imnifii.--is, 
bmiiiis  culjicimx  Muxk  rcfexis  Inho  piihcsiviitc  brcrhvlh'i.^,  dropa  oroiilci. 

Oerasus  wioWs.— Dololas,  in  Hooker,  Flor.  ]ior.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  Wit. 
ToKKF-Y  and  Gray,  Flor.  X.  Amor.,  i.  p.  410. 

This  species  of  Clierry,  growing  twelve  to  twenty-five  fei-t 
high,  is  confined  to  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  partienhirly  to 
tlie    borders  of  the   Oregon    lliver  and   its    tributaries    as    far 
104 


T 


his 


ll'.i. 


•ct 


far 


■ 


Cci-Msiis  iinillis 

Soft  UamI  Itltriy  Ifmirra  /ruiilric  mtillf 


1 


//-/, 


PI .  y.ixw . 


I'l-r.-iMis    lliciriiliii . 


//<//l    /fru  >ii  I  /irirr 


/'frij-lir  tr  f'litf/tfi'   '/f  llt<il-v 


MS 

W; 

l.n 
sol 

IIH 
iUl' 
Sill 

fill' 

fill 


(il 

CO 

dil 


J" 


(I 


Ci 


1 1  C)  L  L  Y  -  h  E  A  V  E  I)     CII  E  R  R  Y. 


lijo 


MS  its  sources.  Wo  met  witli  it  in  thickets  on  liills,  near  the 
Wiihliiiiiet,  iii)\vering  iibout  tlie  niontli  of  -May.  The  yoimg 
liranciies  are  dariv  ;ira\-  ami  sdinewhat  ilowiiy.  The  leaves  are 
sol'tly  downy  lieneatli,  on  i-iiurt  petioles,  oblong,  or  oljlong-ovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  sometimes  acute,  minutely  .serrulate,  two  to  two 
and  a  half  inches  long  by  about  an  inch  in  width;  stipules 
small  and  deei)ly  oiliate,  as  well  as  the  lirarles.  Flowers  small 
and  white,  the  petals  rounded  and  concave.  Segments  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  short,  and  obtn.se.  >Stiguni  clavate,  petioles  and 
calyx  tomentose.     Fruit  ovate,  astringent,  and  uu[)leasant. 

PLATE    XLVI. 

A  liniitcli  (if  Ihc  nntural  s'uc,  (ciih  ijiimii/ fruil.     a.  Tin  jhurn-. 


Bki)  or  NoRTiiKiix  riiF.UKV.  (Ccrdi^iifi  Pi'niiKiilrniii'd,  Tor.,  and 
(Ihav.  (\  l)iiriiilix,^hv\i.i\w\  Mich.,  i\vlva,p.  l-")li.)  According  to 
Macmin.  of  West  (,'hester,  this  tree  in  the  Beech  woods  of  Tioga 
county,  IVnnsylvania.  attains  the  height  of  sixty  feet,  with  a 
diameter  of  eii;liteen  inches. 


i^   II.   F/iDi-rrx    ill    riKi  tii'x.    a,ril/(iri/.     Ijurix   m  iiii'i  rrin  iil  <,r 
jiirsisltiil. — rj.\ri!o-r'i:i!Asis,  Tourn..  IX'cand..  Limnl  ('In  rrhs. 

HOLLY-LEAYED   CHERRY. 


CiasAsrs  iltcifoua.  Fuliis  Idln-ornliliiis  xuhconlalix  hrcri-pclioln/ix  spinoxti- 
f:iiiiiiilii-(l< iii/iti"  rilicuhtfi.'i coriaciia  i>iti(li--<,  niirmis  cnrti.'i  fuli/.i  siilxiyniin- 
(.■'.. /o  ,li-''iiii  ii'ijira  ovouhn  acumiimta. 

Ckm.asis  il'ii-:/,,'!:,!. — NvTT.,  ill  Toun.  and  OitAY,  FKira  X.  Anirr.,  vol.  i. 
p.  411.     IIouK  aiul  AuxoTT,  Bot.  ISeccliy,    Suppl.,  p.  .'itO,  t.  83. 


II  U  LL  Y-LK  A  V  V.  \>     (,'  11  K  1!  H  Y. 


This  is  a  siiuiU  tree  of  Upjior  Ciililoniiii.  round  Siinta  Biirlifini 
attaining  tlio  height  of  twelve  to  twenty  feet,  and  eiiielly  alleel- 
ing  dry  and  elevated  hill-sides  -within  the  mountain  range.  The 
hiirk  is  ura\-  and  sonicwhat  rounh  ;   the  wood  is  reddisli.  touuh, 


d   el(ise-L;i 


■d.      Tl 


I'ave^ 


ihieh  are   ri''id,  shinii 


md 


evergrt'cn.  looic  entindy  lii\e  those  of  the  Holly;  they  are  hroadly 
oval,  ])ointed,  somewhat  heart-sha[)ed  at  tl..;  hase,  very  smooth 
and  shining  ahove  and  elegantly  retieuhited,  ofti'u  undulated, 
and  willi  sharp  jiungent  serratui'es.  Tiie  raeeuies  ol'  liowi'rs  are 
ereet,  somewhat  crowded;  the  llowers  whitt'  and  small,  on  short 
])etiok's;  the  petals  rounded  and  short;  the  calyx  hemisplierieal, 
with  short  triangular  teeth.  The  stanuuis  seated  near  to  the 
summit  of  the  calyx;  the  stigma  simple  and  ohtuse. 

This  trei".  from  its  remarkahle  and  elegant  api)earance,  is  well 


wortl 
tl 


le  true 


I  cultiv  .ting  as  an  ornament,  and  in  its  (pialities  raid\.s  with 
L;    I'els.     The  fruit  is  rather  hirgc,  dark  purple,  hitter, 


and  astringent. 


PLATE  XLVII. 


A  hnnirk  of  the  ihddral  >:l:c.     <i.  Tl'f  i-/arn/.     ti.  T/ir  ttmnr. 


Tiie  liAfitKi,,  [Pruiiia.  Ln II r(h('tr(ixi (■'<,)  now  so  generally  ciilti- 
\ated  in  Euro[)e,  was  hrouglit  from  .\sia  Minor.  Liicullus,  alter 
con(|ui'ring  tiie  King  of  Pontus,  with  wliom  the  liomans  had 
warred  for  forty  years,  jtmorig  his  otiier  trophies,  hrouglit  the 
Cherry  from  the  fields  of  Cerasonte,  and,  in  transplanting  it  into 
Italy,  secured  a  monument  of  his  triumph  far  more  duralilo  than 
that  which  the  senate  aiK^.  the  people  decreed  him.  The  Laurel, 
transplanted  at  first  from  Trehizond  to  Constantinople,  had  not 
so  brilliant  a  destiny;  an  envoy  from  the  Kmperor  of  German}-, 
David  Ungnad,  whose  name  is  i.'",v  scarcely  known,  two  iiiindred 
and  sixty-two  years  ago  brought  a  living  plant  to  Clusiu.s,  at 
^'il'nlla.     The  name  of  LaiinhCi ra-siin  was  gi\en  to  it  by  Belon, 


ALMOND     CIIEIfFtV. 


167 


ir;l 

•t- 

11! 


ly 
ii 

I, 

l'(! 
lit 


wlio  had  seen  it  in  its  iiiitivo  cmiiitrj,  Iroiu  its  Iciivi-'S  Ijuiiig  liivu 
liiosc  of  tiic  Buy  iiml  its  iVnit  similar  to  clR'niL's. 

Tlic  leaves  all'ord  liy  (lisliiiatioii  a  li(|iior  which  jirovcs  a 
violent  poison  to  men  and  animals.  Aecjofdiiig  to  Didiamel, 
a  s])oonl'nl  of  this  water  given  to  a  dog  killed  him  instanta- 
neously. \'arions  experiments  and  aeeiilents  tend  to  eonlirm 
the  fact  of  the  poweil'nlly-poisonous  nature  of  Laurel  water. 
Fontana  found  that  a  singU'  drop  of  the  essential  oil  of  this 
plant,  ai)plit'd  to  a  wound  on  a  dog,  proved  ecpially  as  fatal  as  the 
venom  of  the  vii)or,  and  was  attended  with  the  same  .synqitoins. 

Tho  emanations  from  the  Laurel  being,  in  fact,  the  diluted 
but  volatile  prussie  or  hydrocyanic  acid,  are  not  without  their 
inconveniences;  lor,  after  reposing  beneath  it.s  shade  on  a  warm 
<lay,  a  headache  and  tendency  to  vomit  are  said  sometimes  to 
occur.  Considerable  use  was  formerly  made  of  Laui'el-water  i'or 
the  sake  of  tlie  ]5itter  Almond  llavor  which  it  connuunicales  to 
various  articles  of  the  dessert,  lint  from  its  dangerous  ellects  it 
is  now  lint  little  used. 

The  ell'ect  of  this  poison  is  so  extremely  rapid  and  violent, 
attacking  the  V(M'y  seat  of  vitality,  the  ner\()ns  .system,  that  no 
remedies  have  any  lime  to  opei'ate.  In  the  hand  of  the  skilful 
physician,  however,  this  volatile  poison  proves  sometimes  a 
powerfid  I'euu'dy. 


Ai.MoN'i)  cur.iJKV.  [Crni/nin  CuroVtiiiKii'i.  Mu^ii..  Flor..  mA.  i. 
p.  'JS.').  Wild  Orange  Tree,  Mini..  Sylva,  vol.  ii.  pi.  S'.l.)  Tiiis 
elegant  tree,  nearly  allied  to  ('.  Iji-siln iii<(i .  ■A\\yit.K\v>i  to  b(!  common 
along  the  baidcs  of  the  Mississippi  from  New  Orleans  to  Natchez. 
It  is  also  indigenous  to  South  Carolina,  Florida,  and  Arkansas. 
It  forms  a  Hue  evergreen  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  iloweiiug 
in  March  and  April.  The  leaves,  acc(jrding  to  Elliott,  are  \-ery 
])oisoiK)iis,  frequently  destroying  cattle  that  are  tempted  to 
browse  on  them  early  in  the  spring.     It  is  known  to  the  French 


108 


ALMOM)     rilKHHY. 


iiilialiitaiits  () 


r  I. 


lOUlslilUll 


l.v  tl 


11'  .siiiiie   iiiiiiu'   lis 


tlic   LaiiiL'l  of 


EiimiM',  Jjiiirl'  r-Aiinnii/. 

Till!  IVuit  ol'  this  siiccics  is  a  small,  black,  bittor  clifrry,  witli 
vi'iy  little  pulp  fuul  a  sliull  so  tliiu  as  to  crack  between  the 


(infers 
cii's  of 
teau,  1 


A  second  {f.  On-id, utitli.'^)  anil   proliably  a  third 

t.  Domiinro,  in  the  collections  of  I' 


lis  section  Iroiii 


aine 


hill. 


separ 
Laii 


thii 


iVagile  shell.     These  seenx  to  i'orni  u 
ite  j;enns   from  the   true  Cherries,  no  less   than   from  the 
be  called  Lki'Tocakva,  in  consideration  of  the 

In 


id 


rels.  and  mav  ne 


1   am 


1   I'raiiile,  merely  cartilaginous,  shell   of  the  dr 


much   more  inr.iortant  distinc- 


this   resjicct  the  drupe  alVor 

tion  than  that  which  exists  lietweeii  rnnni-s  and  CvnisK.^. 


fin.iaiff  lff> 


HI .  JII.VIII 


I'rimiis  Aiuericoiia. 


tfihf  riiini 


I'runier  ./  .Inifriifue 


\F- 


^;a' 


Sa;i 


TLLM  TREE. 


Xh'unil    (>/■'/' >;    II(.is.\cK.E.   (-sv/Z/'j/v/m-,  Amvckam'.i:,  Jiiss.)      /.i,i- 

nirmi.    ('Itissll'icdlinii^  lidSANDltlA.    M()N(i(J VM A. 
J'liCXrS.       (TnrliNKriiKT.) 

('.if'/.r  lll'CCcil;itt'-liriili>lilu'l'i.-;il,  the  liol'ili^r  "i-clv'ft,  ili'ridlUJils.  I'thils 
s|piv;iiliiijj.  ,S>(iiiniis  litU't'ii  lo  thirty,  (inny  uhiln'cMi^,  willi  Iwo 
i-iill;iti.'l'ill,  lii'll(llllollri  (ivulos.  J)ii'j'  nv:itc>  nr  (i\:il,  lli'.-li\ ,  i;hilirc)US, 
usiKillv  cdVfri'd  with  a  lilciuiji :  nut  liai.!  iiml  hnny,  moi'o  or  Ifsn 
coiiiiiri'ssccl,  iieuti-'  iiiid  i:\'Lii,  the  inar,;^'ins  jjunly  LrroovL'il. 

Trees  or  shriiiis  of  teiiijierale  I'Hiiiiites  in  the  Xdrtiieni  hemisphere, 
with  tile  leaves  serrated,  ediivnhite  in  veriialinii,  ((ir  lietore  exiiai'.sioii.) 
Tlie  tidWeis  eailii'r  tlian  the  leaves,  witli  tlie  pcdieels  in  uinliellaie 
clusters. 


WILD    PLUM. 


I'ui'XfS  A.MKltl.'AN'A.  Arli"n  yriDHj  ruipi's  .•■■/loirsiriil'lui'^,  fnl:;.<  ,,i;il,,. 
tililiinijis  Vt'l  (thin'ill''.<  itt'ipilt  <i  t'l'iitl^  iii'iinmiiilh^  fntyi  rii/ti'ifts,  s't/i/f/.^  t'lift- 
^is    iliii'iltll     lllilhii.1,    pil'tili--    silli-l'i'/l'li"l'l^'i''-^,    'lil'liillis     fiissiHliKs   jKli/ri- 

1'.  A,\n:i!ieA.\A, — .M.Misii  M.r,,  Arhii^l..  p.  111.    I»\i;i.i\iire\.  Flora  Ce-t., 

p.   'IX',  mid  ill    ,\lllial.    JjyeeUlM.    X.    ^'clli,,   \nl.  iii.  p.  S7,  I.    1.       T'lli- 

ui;v  and  (Ikav,  l''lcir.  X.  Aiiier.,  vol.  i.  \\.   Id". 
r.  xiciiA.— Aitmn,   Kuw.,  (ed.  1.)  Viil.  ii.  \\.  lii."i.       It.il.  Mair-,  I.  MIT. 

I'l  Ksll,  l-'liir.  Aim.,  vol.  i.  \i.  -V-W.      Wll.l.n..  Sp.  [.1.,  vol.  iv.  p.  Wo. 
v.  iiii:mai,is. —  Mi.i.iurr.  tSk..  voh  i.  p.  ^Al. 


IV.  — 11- 


lO'.t 


170 


WILD     I'LC.M. 


CkUASI'H    NliillA,  (L'li.^il.) — SlMilXiiK,  ill    ll|;c.\Mi..   I'|-ii(l.,  \m1.  ii.  \\.   '\'\H. 

HixiK.,  Flop.  I!or.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  1(>7. 

Fi:\\' jilants  in  North  Aiiicriru  li;i\i"  a  luorc  cxti'iisivc  raiif^o 
IIkiii  this  s[)Ocii's  of  rimn:  it  i>  met  with  IVoiii  tlii'  S;'.skiit('hil- 
\v;m  toward  IhidsoirH  Day,  and  throiiyli  all  the  iiitcniu'diatc 
cotiiitiy  to  (u'orgia,  Loiii.-^iaiia,  and  Tcxa.s.  In  tho  wi'stcni  jiart 
111'  tiic  .'^tato  of  New  York  it  i«  \t  ry  coiiinioii.  and.  in  soinci 
instances,  (as  it  appcari'd  to  nic  in  1^)0,)  it  h,! '  i';  ;i  t'ldtivatcd 
iiy  the  ahoriiiincs  around  their  dweliin;;s  in  tho  suiiie  nianner  aw 
the  Chickasaw  Piinii.  Wiieii  truly  wild,  it  .sceni.s  to  allbct  tho 
hanks  of  streams  and  rich  hoitoin-hiiuls.  In  Now  Jersey,  near 
Franklin  Furnace,  (.'^ussex  county.)  I  liave  ohserveil  tri'es  tweiuy 
to  thirty  feet  hiiih.  and  witii  trunks  from  si.x  to  fourteen  inches 
in  diameter.  Tlie  ordinary  heiphf.  Imnevor.  i.s  from  fd'teeii  to 
twenty  I'cet.  The  wood  is  hard  and  of  a  I'eddish  cohjr,  like  that 
of  tlie  Wild  Cherry,  (f'niinis  .■., i-<i/!ii<i.}  The  fruit,  -vlien  mature, 
whicii  is  in  the  iiiontii  of  Anjiust.  is  from  half  an  inch  to  an 
iiicli  in  dianietei'.  in  some  instances  almost  wholly  \cllnw.  hut 
comiiioidy  vermilion-red  on  one  side,  wholly  red.  or  a  mixture 
of  iiotii  colors,  and  in  all  tlie  varieties  covered  nioi-e  or  less  with 
a  ver_\'  evident  hlooiii.  Wlieu  ri])e.  it  contains  :  verv'  sweet, 
thill  iMiiii.  with  the  disadvanta:;e  however  i4  havin.L;'  a  thick, 
liitterish.  acerh  >kiii;  hut  hy  cultivation  it  is  eoiiKick'raiily  ini- 
pidved,  and  the  fruit  is  sdmelimes.  us  Dr. Darlinnton  remarks, 
as  lariio  as  a  common  aiiricot  In  rppei'  Canada,  where  it  was 
formerly  eultivaied.  I  ha\'e  seen  as  iiiany  as  twelve  distinct 
\ariities  ill  t!ie  same  orciiard.  It  is  also  free  frmn  thi'  attacks 
111"  the  insi'cts  which  have  proved  -i  fatal  io  nearly  all  the 
cultivated  IMums. 

The  stem  sjireads  out  inti)  a  roundish  head,  \\ith  many  riiiid 
■Mt4  sonx'whai  thorny  liranches.  The  leaves  ne  ohli.iiii-ovate 
•M\4  .«inetim4-s  ohuvato.  almost  alwii\s  narrowed  lii"l<«n.  witiii  a 


(lis 
vol 
sm 
so< 
or 


WILD     PL  CM. 


171 


(lir-tiiu't  abnipt  point  nv  aciiiiiiiiiitiuii,  sliarjily  fori'aU'il.  stiinuly 
M'incd,  Mini  uunv.  or  k-ss  piihi'scciit  Ijcnciitli.  The  ])c(li('i'ls  arc 
siiioolli,  two  to  five  togctliL'i",  in  clusters.  Calyx  piihcsccnt.  the 
scgniciits  liuice-liiiear,  serrulated  at  the  apex;  the  petals  u\al 
or  obovate,  and  roimdcd. 


Pr-ATE  XIA'TIT. 

A  hfiinrh  of  l]ir  V'lliir'il  ■<rj   in  fi'iH.      n.   A  rhi-t,  r  <if  lluii; 


CllAJJ  APrLE. 


Xdtunil    Ofi/i  r,   ]!us\ci;.K,    [xiilinrilir,   I'oMK.i:,   .Tiiss.)     IJinniiin. 

Cln'<x]jliilt'liiii,   IcnSANIllMA,   PkNTAC V.MA. 

I'Vin'S.    (Lixx.) 

r'(('/./'-fiilM'  iirr(><il:it<',  iiclnatc  to  llic  llrsliy  oviiry,  IVcuii  wliicli  it  is 
iiiscii;iriiliic,  \vil1i  tlio  lidi'di'i'  ri-luhiMl.  ]\Ui}.<  live,  roiniiii>li, 
coiicuvo,  on  shdi't  flaws.  N///A.N  usually  (ivt!  (ir  Irss,  distinct  or 
conjoinoil  at  the  base.  P'ihh-  (nr  .'ijiplo)  tlc.-liy,  ddscd,  intiTiially 
.O-ccUi'd,  tlio  (H'lls  cui'lilaginous  and  ■2-sccdc'd.  The  seeds  with  ii 
eharfaceous  eoat. 

Trees  or  slirul)s  (in  tlie  ]ircseiit  sei:tion)  witli  entire  ni'  pahnately- 
hihed,  serrated  leaves.  Viewers  in  terminal  llattish  clusters  or 
ooryinh.s.     Fruit  odihle  when  not  too  acerli  or  astrinjj;cnt. 


RIVER   CRAB    ARPLE. 


rVRUS  EIVILAItlS.  F,7/(,9  imHii  •-.•iilis  iiidirisis  Jiliiidriliii-i  trihihiilis  ixfi.yin 
iirip'ir  f'-irri'li"  ~»»i/«.<  /••iMt-s/*;.'//)//^,  .v/////n  (•■>-4)  liiisi  I'mili/i's  i/liiliri.-; 
I'r'irlilius   /'■  rimrris    ^-i^fhinisisi    •'ij,    iii)i.hilii'<il><,   lulii.^    culji-iids   (Iciiikiii. 

l/ir/illlis. 

PyiiL'S  riVw/rtJX- — ^i'«yiAS,  in  Ihn  k.  Flor.  I!oi.  Am..  \iil.  i.  p.  3(i:!,  1.  Cs. 
ToKiiKV  uiiii]  iJai \Y,  Flor.  N.  Am.,  voh  i.  i>.  4T1. 

]'yiu::i '//Vct^/'mW. — ^E^iNUAitn,  Vciret.  Sitka.,  1.  c.  [i.  l-'i:!. 

Tiii>  olopsint  species  ol'  l'yrn>  in  ooiimiikH  throngliont  all  tlie 

liiwt'i   or  niiritiii.e  |iorti(in  <ii   ihi' <  )ri"j"'    Ti-rritory.  ami  it    iiiii- 
17J 


i 


-n 


^ 


\ 

Sirtr/atrit 


PI  jn.L\ . 


vi-n.s    r-iMil  HIS. 


A'tv»r  ('ni/' 


it'iritr  ftiiiAmr 


T;  I  VK  !!     ('  I!  A  P.     A  I' 


\.  i;. 


1- 


Innnly  iilTccts  the  slnidf  of  rirli,  iillii\-i;il  forests  ncfir  tlic  Irssrr 
.strciuiis  iiiiil  piJiids.  It  la'comcs  a  ticc  ahoiit  tlic  size  ol'  the 
Siljcriiin  Criili,  to  wliicli  it  lias  i\  closi'  aH'mity,  nml  grows  IVoiii 
firtccri  to  twciitj-fivo  fl'ct  ill  licii:lit.  |ii'o(iiiciiig  a  Imnl  wood, 
capalilc  III'  receiving  a  liigli  polisii,  and  is  eiiiployinl  ly  tiie 
natives  lor  iiialxiiig  wedges.  'I'lie  fruit  grows  in  clnsters.  and  is 
i<iiiall  and  iiiirple,  scarcely  tlic  size  of  a  cherry,  of  an  agieealile 
llavor.  like  that  of  sonic  of  our  Maws:  it  has  nothing  of  the 
aceriiity  or  acidity  of  the  ('oiiiinoii  (.'rah,  Imt  is  sweetish  and 
subacid  wlieii  ripe,  'i'iie  natives  near  tlie  .•~ea  employ  it,  as  they 
do  many  more  berries  of  the  country,  for  food,  being  all  too 
indolent  to  cultivate  the  earth  for  any  pnrpo.se  whatever. 

It  extends,  in  all  prijbability,  from  Tpper  California  to  the 
Kiissian  possessions  in  the  Xortli,  as  far  as  latitude  ")7°.  Men- 
zies  appears  to  have  been  its  lirst  discoverer,  on  what  was  then 
vagiudy  termed  the  northwest  coast. 

■  The  leaves,  which  iippear  with  the  llowers,  are  ovate,  obtuse 
or  acute,  entire,  and  more  or  le.ss  serrated,  pubescent  beneath, 
villous  in  the  bud.  at  li'iigth  nearly  smooth;  the  lafer-[ir(jdiice(l 
leaves  are  more  or  less  incisidy  lobed,  sometimes  distinctly 
tliree-lobed,  tlu^  niiddk'  lobe  incise  and  sliari>ly  serrate<l.  The 
llowers  conspicuous,  wliit(>  or  tinged  with  red,  in  terminal 
corymbs,  with  the  cal^x  and  [leduncles  villous,  or  tomeiito.se, 
at  other  times  with  the  exterior  of  the  calyx  smooth.  The 
petals  oval,  'i'lie  germ  is  pear-shaped,  with  three  or  four  styles. 
Apples  very  small,  dark  pur[ile,  almost  black  when  ripe,  and 
somewhat  translucent,  globose-ovoid,  scarcely  tiinbilicate  at 
base,  and  with  the  summit  naked,  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Siberian 
Crab,  being  deciduous.  Seeds  like  those  of  the  a[i[)le.  and  two 
in  :i  cell,  as  usual. 

I  think  it  probable  that  the  plants  with  ''smooth  pedicels 
and  with  the  calyx  externally  smooth"  ought  to  constitute  a 
distinct  variety,  which  may  be  termed  I'l/i'iCi  rlnilurix  ,3  Icrij)/.:. 
In  these  the  jiedicels  are  also  ;:lanilular. 


17} 


NA  I!  r.(>W-],K  A  VK  D     (    I!  A  I!     A  I' 


!■;. 


Wliilt  tllis  Jililllt  IllM}'  liccoiiic  li_v  (•illli\;itinii  I'liiiiidt  yet  he 
(Ictci'iiiiiK'd.  Till'  iSihci'ian  Cnili,  (now  so  (iriiaiiiciitnl  ami  ficiu'- 
rally  culliviiti'd.)  wliii'li  also  aH'ccts  the  alliuial  hdidcis  cil" 
.streams  uiid  rivers  nmiid  Luke  HaiUal,  ami  in  Daouria,  aeeord- 
in,L'  to  Pallas,  in  its  native  soil  oidy  attains  tlie  Iieiuht  of  tlirei- 
or  fonr  leet.  ^'itli  a  trunk  aliout  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  and 
lull  (iT  toituoiis  liranches.  Tlie  berries,  also,  in  {'alias's  liirui'e, 
(Flora  Kossiea,  vol.  i.'tali.  1(1,)  are  not  so  larjic  as  ordinai'y 
jH'as,  and  jiyril'orm  or  attenuate  at  the  basi'  like  a  pear.  All 
this  ti'ihe  of  i)lants,  so  eminently  sorvioeable  both  for  (jrnament 
and  use,  deserve  cultivation  in  a  ])re-eniinent  degree;  and  the 
present  si)ecies  has  also  the  aiKiuUauc  of  l)ein,u'  perfectly  hardy 
in  all  tem[ierate  and  even  cold  climatt's,  as  it  .stretches  along 
the  coast  nearly  to  the  vicinity  of  Eastern  .Siberia. 

All  the  plants  of  this  section  of  P/jrii-s  are  nali\cs  of  Tem- 
pertiti^  Kurupe  ami  Xurthern  Asia.. 

I'LATE  XLI.X. 

A  branch  of  the  wtliirnl  si:^.     n.  Thr  ap/ilr. 


Nakkow-Lk.wkd  CuAii  Ai'I'm:,  {I'l/ms  tnii/iixtl/n/id,  Aiton-.) 
This  appears  to  he  scarcely  more  than  a  variety  of  the  I'l/ni.i 
'■(iroimrid ;  distinjiuishable,  indeed,  by  its  narrower  leaves, 
usuiilly  entire,  which  are  often  acute  lielow  ;  but.  ,is  the  styles 
are  neither  perfectly  distinct  nor  constantly  glabrous,  and  that 
the  3oung  leaves  are  also  pubescent,  no  suflicient  distini'tion 
remains.     The  fruit  is  likewise  wholly  similar. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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I'vi'us    /ViiierurmiH . 

Amrnmn  Mouxtnin  .hh  Xorhirr  ,/'  Jnie'rii/iif. 


M  0  U  N  T  A  I N    A  S II. 


>;   111.     Li'ins    imiiiiili     (</•    ji'i  innllijiil ;    .'.///As    tin,   In  jiri,    i/i.-<liii(/ , 


,//,,/„ 


M   (//■  Inrliiiiiili 


l>"h".l 


-.'^(>i!i;is.    I, 


mil. 


AMKIJK^VX    MOUNTAIN   ASIT. 


I'VUIS     AmkKH  .\N.\.      /'./;/.v    i,:i,liiit'i<    i/hiliri--,   fiillul.'s    iil,lui„;ii.l,iil''iul,ii;.t 


tlf'iinontits   //M7.^'o-.y(  /■/''///.<,  .<■(■/'/•<//'// 


hi<-iii-iii'if  I'll/Kill.' 


-.'/"' 


•nntli'i'^ihs 


iiliijliii-!s,  f,-)(ri:iiiis  i/luljn.ti.i. — l)i;c\xi).,  I'roil.,  viil.  ii.  ji.  i;:!7.     Ti 


iiKV  ami  (iit.AY,  Fliii'.  X.  Am.,  vul.  i.  |).  i~-2. 


iiiiir.-:   A.Mi:iiii  AN  \. — Wii.i.ii.,    V 


niiiii.,  vdl.  I, 


p.  'd*K     I'l  ii.<ii, 


!'■ 


;!41. 


Al  iTI'AKIA. — .'i  .Mirll.,   Flor.  I 


)or.  .All!.,  Vol.  I. 


'.M). 


TiiK  MdWiitaiM  Asli.  (ir  Kowaii  Tire,  of  Xoitli  Aiiu'rica.  !,■< 
iiift  with  ^parinjily  in  sliady.  moist  wiiod.-^  in  moimlaiiKiu.-^  situa- 
tions, from  l/alirailoi-  ami  even  (ircciiliml.  tliroii-lioiil  llu'  New 
Kniiiaiid  Stales.  New  York,  l'(imsvi\  aiii.i ;  ami  tiic  \aiii't\  mi- 
r,-iH,ir/i'i.  willi  sinailiT  liiTrics.  cxti'iids  to  tiic  iii,L!ii  iiioimtiuiis 
of  \  iririiiia  and  Xortli  Carol 


ma. 


It    forms   a  .small    tivc  of  .i:ii'at    l)cuit\,    rcmaikalilc    lor   it.s 
d(".^aiit  fcatli(Mcil  foliajic,  in  .Mav  and  .liiiu'  clad  with  its  white 


and  fraiirant  hlossoms.  and  to  the  close  of  the  year,  even  into 
winter,  decorated  with  its  lai'LH'  dusters  of  liiiuhl  herries.  wliieh 
allord  a  favorite  repast  l()r  thrnshe.s  ai.  I  other  frugivorons  hirds. 
on  their  animal  round  to  more  genial  climates,  or  during  thi'ir 
liihurmil  residcKce  : — 

"  SMii^uini'i-i|iii-  iiiriilt.i  nilic'iit  ;ui;iii:i  liMici-." — \'lliiii|,. 


Tbu  K 


nnipean  s[iecies,  which  ilillors  voiy  little  Imm   the  pre 


th 


170 


A  .M  i:  i:  1  (■  A  N     MoINTAlN     ASH. 


sent,  liccoiiics,  ill  the  Nnrtli  III'  Kiij^Imiil,  S'litliiml,  iiml  \\';il(s. 
■A  Iri'i'  (it  t'liii-^idrnilili'  t-'i/A'.  SI)  lis  in'rasinnnUv  In  lie  siiwii  iiiln 
jiliiiiks  mill  liiiiinls.  it  iitliiiiis  tin-  lii'i,i:lil  nl'  Iwriitv -(l\i'  to 
lliii'lv  H'ct,  witli  a  liiaiiictiT  of  twn  fcft  ;  ami  a  tiiT  in  Scnllaini, 
ill  Furfarsliiro,  at  Old  .Mmitrnsi',  sixty-livi'  vcais  njil.  is  (ITlv  frrt 
liijili.  willi  ii  (liaiiK'ttT  of  two  I'fct  tell  iiiclii'S.  Tlir  wooil  is  said 
to  III'  hard  and  diiralilr.  lit  liir  I'conoiiiii'al  |iiii'|iiisi's.  siicli  as 
niiil-work.  sfiTws  liu-  prfssrs.  s|iiikrs  for  wlifids,  ^^c.  In  aiwiiMit 
liiiirs  it  was  also  cstocnird  Hn-  hows  nrxt  In  tin'  Vcw.  Tiic 
hi'irii's.  dried  and  rcdiict'd  to  [lowdcr.  have  csfii  Iktii  iiiade  into 
hrcad  ;  and  an  ardent  spirit  may  he  distilled  IVoiii  liieni  of  a  line 
lla\or.  hilt  ill  small  i|naiitily.  'I'liiiiii:li  atid  and  somewhat 
asdimjeiit,  they  are  iieeniinled  wholesome,  and.  in  (lie  IliLili- 
lands  of  Scotland,  an-  often  eaten  when  perfeelly  ripe;  in  the 
eold  and  sterile  eliniate  of  Kamtsehatka.  aeeordiiiL'  to  (Iinelin, 
tliey  are  used  for  the  same  purposes. 

'I'liis  tree  was  formerly  iield  saered.  and  in  the  .North  of  Mnu- 
laiid  it  is  ealleil  the  Witi  h-ila/el.  In  Wales,  it  was  formerly 
planted  in  the  ehnreli^ard  as  eomminily  as  tiie  Yew.  and,  on  a 
certain  day  of  the  year,  everyhody  reli^iioiisly  wore  a  cross  mado 
of  the  wood,  as  a  oharin  against  fascinations  and  e\il  spirits  I 

The  .Vinerican  s[iecies  scarcely  forms  so  larm'  a  tree  as  tiiat 
of  Knrope,  attaining  only  the  height  of  lli'teeii  to  twenty  feet. 
and  the  leaves  are  vt'i'y  smooth,  exet'iit  hef  u'e  their  complete 
ex[)ansion  ;  the  leallets  are  alioiil  from  thirleeii  to  fifteen,  oh- 
long-lanceolate,  acuminated,  with  sliar]i  and  .1.  .'p  nnicronate 
seriatnres.  The  cymes  or  liower-cliisters  are  large  and  com- 
pound, and  the  fruit,  like  that  ui'  tiie  Miiropean  species,  is  of  a 
hriglit  light  scarlet.  Tiie  herries  of  the  variety  luli  iiKiir/m  are 
also  of  the  same  color,  hut  smaller.  Thi'  seeds,  (wo  in  a  cell, 
apiiear  to  have  the  same  cartilaginous  coat  as  in  the  apple. 

i'h.VTl';    L. 
A  lii'tiiirli  iif  tlif  iiiiini-'il  Size.    II.  A  rliisl,  r  iij'jliiircfs.    I,.  A  Jlnin  r  inhiriji  il. 


C  E  n  C  O  C  A  11  V  u  s/ 

(111  Mil.,  Im'M-..,  :iim1   Iu  nth.) 


n<nn,   ('hissijhnlh.,,.  IcnSANOKIA.  MdNOdVNlA. 

Ti'Ih.  oftlu.  o.l.ix  cvlitHlri.'Ml,  .■loiiirntr.l,  tliv  lowor  i^irt  j.-.i-l.triit,  tin' 
,,„,,lvr  l,..n,i.i.lHMM.al,  T.-lohcl,  .K.ri.luo.H.  7'./.'/.  .umu-.  Si..n,.. 
,„„.v.  <.ulr.l  ..n  Ih-  iM-nKT  of  tlK.  ...Ivx.  Or,,,./  .ohtMry;  ./y.' 
,„,.„;„„,.  ,i,i,;,,,n.  MM,1  vilh.MH.  Arl.V.n.  n.m.w.  .■,.n.r..,ms,  .■.,.- 
.h,1.'.  with  tli.'  loti-  iHTMst..nt  una  iMilai-in.u'  I'lmno..^  style.  Nh. 
liiicaf. 

ShrnlH  or  sntnll  troos  ;vitl,  alternat,.  strai^ht-v.',-.,!.  .oria us, 

svn-at.  or  ontiiv  Irav.s  on  slioft  ,.-tinl,.s.  Stipules  snu.ll,  a,hu,tr  to 
„,„  1,,..  .,f  the  petiole.  Flowers  Mnall,  white,  axillary  or  tenn,nutu,g 
short  braiR'hlets,  mostly  elustere.l. 


*  'n.o  nan,,,  aeriv-.l  fr.m  ..,...,  a  tuih  a„d  .a,....;,  u  fruit,  in  rclVnn..  tu  .I,o 
iliann-tir  111'  lliL'  tVuii. 


v.. I..  IV.   -I'.; 


177 


FEATIIKll  BUSH. 


('KM'OcMM'rs  i,i:iiU'iii,irs.  h'nliix  rrihi-i.i  jk lu Dixatlilnix  I'liifnJutis  inlif/ris 
(liiuiiiii  (iU(brix  xiil/his  liiiiiiiild.iis  iiiiifi/iiic  ririiliili.s ;  Jlarihua  m .<>''//'//'/< 
pilHi-'iK  j\ir,-irilliil(.i  ;  i-iiiiilil  riu'iiilnfuiti  iiiiiiiisuiniiii  IdrlilOSiiiii, — N  i'l'TAI.I., 

in  'I'l'iatDY  and  (iiiAV,  FKn'.,  Ami.,  i.  p.  1'J7.     IliM)i<i:it,  Ic,  pi.,  inli.  ;;:^  t, 
(inuil.) 

\\i:  lii>l  uli^crxcil  this  curious  siiimU  ti-ci'  in  llic  Itnckv  .Mnmi- 
t;iiii  niiiLTi'.  on  llic  lol'tv  liills  of  IScar  l!i\<'i'  of  'riiii|i:ino;ios.  nnir 
till'  ('('IchratiMl  ••JJccr  Sprin^is."  wliii'h  iilMninii  with  ciulpoiiii'  acid. 
We  saw  it  aftcrwaid  in  the  icntral  cliiiiii.  on  cither  side 'i'lionilK'r^''i< 
IJavinc.  toward  thi'  suniniits  of  tlic  hiiilicst  ridiics,  to  whii'Ii.  hy 
its  cndiiiiiiL;  and  dari\  \(rdiu'c.  it  coiitiilnitcd  to  ;;ivc  ii  wild  and 
.iiiooiny  r(>l)inj:.  contrasted  liy  the  Lilitterini.;  white  of  the  iin|ieiid- 
inir  elills  of  ■iMi'iss  near  which  it  i:iew.  -'r  the  suniniits  of  tin- 
IJci'T  S|)riiiL!'  hills  it  lonned  "\teiisi\c  thickets,  each  tree  spi'ead- 
in^''  out  many  liraiiclies  at  a  few  feet  IVoiii  the  jiToiind  w  ith  coii- 
sidcrahlc  rcLinlarity.  almost  in  the  niaiiiier  of  a  I'eacli  Tree.  TIm' 
stem  was  in  some  trees  alioiit  ii  foot  in  diameter.  an<l  the  Lrreatest 
heii;lit  of  tiie  i>lant  did  not  excei'd  fifti'cii  i\'v\.  It  iiad  much  iiie 
appeai'aiice  of  a  stunted  Olive  Tree,  and  was  Iiitteri>h  to  the  taste. 

The  \voo(l  is  hard,  toiij^h,  whiti>Ii,  and  very  close-iiraincd. 
soini'wiiat  rescmliliiiL'  thai  of  the  Itirch.  It  a|i|iearcd  to  he  of 
slow  lirowth  and  scniiierx  ireiit ,  the  hark  smooth  andwhiti>ii, 
the  hnuiclilets  full  of  circular  cicatrices,  and  the  leaves  clustereil 
at  tlie  I'xtreinities  of  tlio  twi;.'s.  The  leaves  are  at  lenj:th  nearly 
smooth,  at  lirst  hairy,  with  a  short  puliescence.  heneath  always 
softly  \illoiis.  with  lirownish  curled  iiairs;  their  lc)rm  is  lanceo- 
late, uhout  one  ami  a  iiiiaiter  inches  lonii'  .nid  three  or  four  lines 
wiile,  flic  iMirder  entire  and  I'evolute;  hi'iieath  the  liair.s  on  the 
under  side  we  see   the   usual   strai;:ht    nerves.      The  older  leaves 

and  other  parts  of  thi'  plant   e.xude  in   small  (piaiitities  an  aro- 
178 


■I  I.I 


CcM'CiH'jtrpiis   l<'(lil"olius 


Fr>ilhrr  hiilh 


Hiiisno't    (I  jtlninr.t 


Ill: 
l-.i 
till 
\\\ 
1)1' 
tin 
,,li 

.V 

n\i 

nil 
U\: 
\\f 

is 

1'" 


r  i;  A  T  II  i;  i{    lusii. 


17:» 


liMlic  II  -ill.  Iliuiliu  tlic  .'^cciit  III"  tliat  luiiiid  (111  Sdinc  H|ircics  (if 
I'lirdi,  (nr  /ihild.)  'I'lii'  lluwci's  arc  ."iiiiill  iiml  wliitr,  |i|(h1iiiti1  nt 
tlic  cxlrfiniiics  of  tilt'  t\\i;^.-<.  iiiiij  ar<'  siicccc  IimI  Iiv  the  fiiiil. 
wliicli  foniis  one  of  tin-  iiidst  niiiaikaliU'  am'  'iiijrnlar  cliaracti'is 
<>r  till-  p'liii.-';  tlit'si'  liavc  a  ^'h•Mll;f  rofiiililiiii'C  to  tiic  mtiIs  of 
llic  (<i'i'aiiiiiiii,  t'ai'li  Miiall  cvliinlric  i'ar|H'i  sciidinjr  iiiit  a  loiijr, 
|iluiin)sc,  iDrliions  tail,  iicaily  tv\o  iii'  '■  <  in  lcii.:lli.  cir.i  icil  witli 
yt'llti\visii-\vliit(>  silky  liairs,  wliicli.  a|'|H'arinjjr  -iiiiiiltaiicnu^ly  all 
•  iMT  llic  lnisli,  ijivi'  it  I  must  rciiiarkaldc  and  um'oiniiiDii  a|i|i(Mr- 
aiifc.  It  scciikmI  to  incrcr  puor  dry  snils,  and  would  U'ar  the  cli- 
iiiatc  of  Kiiro|i('  or  the  iiorllii'i'ii  parts  of  flic  riiilcd  Slates  very 
will,  ri'iiiii  till'  al|iiiii'  situations  in  wliirli  wr  iinilin'iiily  saw  it  it 
is  soiiirw  lia*  astriiiiivnl  to  IIr'  ta>tr,  and  ajiircalily  iliou^li  not 
|io\vi'ilully  aromatic. 

I'l.ATK   1,1. 

A   l<i;i„ih  >,f  tlir  i„il'i,-iil  s',:,',  Ifilli  :i.<Jni:t.       II.     Th,jluii;v.      //.     I'lu   l',;t:i. 


WEST  INDIA   DOGWOOD. 


Xiihinil      Ordi  i\     \A.V.V\\\Siy>.V..  IJiiiKidii      riii.-isijiciiliiiii.     DlA- 

DKI.I'IIIA,    DwANimiA. 

I'lSClDr.V.^'     (LiXN.) 

Ciil'lj'  caiiipimulato,  .""i-tootlicil.  Ciirnlhi  pn]iili(>n:i<'coii-i.  with  llic  keel 
(ilitusc.  ,S7./, //,/(.<••  iniinaili'lpliiiiis,  witli  tlio  triitli  iVri'  at  thi'  l>aso. 
Si'/li;  tililorin,  i-lalinuis.  Luikihc  iicduH'llati'il,  linear,  with  t'dur 
liroad  loiiiritiidiiial  wiiii:;.-<,  tho  scuds  s(>iianitod  hy  iMterriiplidiis  in 
the  pii(L  Tin;  .«r((/x  oval  and  ('OiiipR'ssi'd,  witli  a  latoral  liyinni  ; 
cmliryo  cnrvi'd  ;  cotyUMlons  tliick  and  cjliiitic:  llic  radiilc  iii- 
tli'i'tc'd. — Wost  India  trocs,  willi  dociiiuoii?;,  nni'(|nally-iiinnatrd 
loaves,  prodiRcd  after  the  dcvelopiueiit  of  the  tlowers. 


JAMAICA    DOCaVOOI). 

I'l.-l'tl>I,\    iMiVTIIlilNA.       Ju,liiili.-:   nrntis^  h JH minis   sHiiilc   l-aiji'C    lililllil    liill- 

ifmrc,  'ili"  iiilirviijitis. 
I'l-riniA  Ih-i/lliriiKi. — LiXN.,  Sp.  ]il.     Jacq.,  7\nier.,  p.  200.     Swaistz, 

Ohs.,  p.  :i77.     Maci'adyen,  Flora  of  .lamaiea,  vol.  i.  p.  -'iX. 
Irlil/ii/iitnitlii't  fdliis  jtiiDioli.;  (irnlis,  ri('-i  inis  hrminnlilitis,  .^iliijiiis  fjiiiidn- 

(thiiis. — liiiuWNi:,  Jamaica,  \\.  i'.M). 
Ciind  arlior  ]i"{ifl'i/^^"-   ii'Hl    ."/"';">'/,  fru.riii!  fulin,  t-iliiiiiii   uli.'i  fniiin'ris 

r.r'<liitililiii-<  rulif  mail  lidiiiiirid'  jliiriiilili.<  unilit. — Si.oAM",  Jam.,  vol.  ii. 

p.  :52,  tall.  ITfl,  lij,'s.  4,  ').     JiAMAiicK,  Illnsl.,  tali.  (In,-,,  lijr.  A. 
JWiiild-inwiii,  sllliiui.<i  nlalix. — I'm'.mikr,  lenii.,  '22!l,  tah.  2:)3,  fijtf.  2. 


*   Tlic  iiiinif  t'niiii  jiis,  h,  n  flsli,  in  ;illii>iciii  tci  il.s  friipliiyiiicnt  iiw  ii  ti.'^li-lmi-iiii 


i*isrii|i.t    ri'vlliiMiii 


i.llll'H"      /'.'./».'.'./ 


fi,i.-.tninl  <h    '•'    liiiiiiiitffi,- 


'0 

^1 

re 

tv 

I'.i 

fit 

si 
ll 

01 

ii 

IT 

V 


JAMAICA     DOC  wool).  181 

Till-  Jitiiiiiicii  Dogwood  is  ii  nativo  of  tin;  Antilk's  as  well  as 
of  the  iR'iuiilioriii-,'  coiitiiieiit  of  America,  having  heeii  ol)serveil 
hv  limiiholdt  anil  Hoiiidaiul  in  the  niouutaiiious  places  in  New- 
Spain,  between  Acai.uleo  and  Ma/.atlan.  and  we  have  now  to 
reeord  it  as  a  native  of  Key  Wi'st,  in  Kast  Florida,  where  it  was 
eolleeted  hy  Dr.  ]51odgett.     it  heeonies  a,  tree  of  al>out  twenty  to 
twenlv-tive  U^i  in  height,  not  reiiiarkal>le  for  the  elegance  of  its 
form,  the  branches  being  straggling,  l)nt   yet   heantiful   in   the 
season  of  tiowering,  which  i-  abont  April,  when,  with  blo.ssoni.s 
similar  to   our   favorite  Wiiite   Lounst,  {llulnnhi  imnthMuarla.) 
the  whole  snnnnit  of  the   tree  is   profnseiy  h)aded;    they  eome 
(.lit  some  time  bclbre  the  leaves,  in  ninuerous  panicles  or  spread- 
in-  cln>ters.  of  a  Nviiitish  color,  mixed  with   purple;   the  npper- 
niost  petal  or  \e.\illnm  in  the  centre  tinged  with  green.     The 
vexillnm,  externally,  as  well   as  the  calyx,  is  covered  with  a 
silky    pubescence.       The    h'aves    are    uneipially   pinnate,   with 
about   live  leaflets,  which  are  either  bmad-ovaie  or  obovate,  an.l 
slightly  acuminate,  entire,  and    beneath,  as  well    as   the    foot- 
stalk, more   or  less  pube.-^cent,  particularly  when  young.      The 
poll  is  large,  stipitate,  and  villous,  with   four  liroad   undulated 
longitudinal  wings. 

In  Jamaica,  this  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best  timber  trees  in 
the  island;  the  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  and  resinous,  oar.se,  cross- 
grained,  and  of  a  light  brown  color;  it  is  very  dm'able  either  in 
or  out  of  water.  It  nndu's  excellent  piles  for  wharves;  and  the 
.■stakes  ,M.(m  form,  in  the  tropical  countvies  it  inhabits,  a  good 
live  fence.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  very  astringent:  it  cures 
the  niauLLC  in  dogs,  and  would  probably  answer  well  for  the  tan- 
ning of  leather:  it  is  best  known,  however,  for  its  eflects  as  a 
iish-poison,  for  which  purpose  it  is  ])ounded  and  mixed  with  the 
water  in  some  deep  part  of  a  river  or  creek,  when  the  water 
soon  aciiuires  a  reddish  siiadc,  and  in  a  few  minutes  the  iish 
begin  to  rise  to  the  surface,  where  they  float,  as  if  they  were 
dead;   the  larger  ones,  however,  recover,  but  the  smaller  fry  are 


1S2  JAMAICA     DOC  woo  I). 

dostn.yrd.  Tlio  tincture  of  tlio  biirk,  indcMl,  is  loun.l  to  be  nil 
intoiiso  narcotic,  and  has  been  employed  benelieiaily  to  relieve 
tlie  pain  prodiKvd  \,y  carious  teeth.  Jacjuin  observes  that  tliis 
quality  of  inloxicatin-  fish  is  found  in  many  othi'r  Anu'rican 
]ilants.  7>pfu-n.-.;,i  (,,.nnirh,  of  South  America  and  T.  plsndnria 
of  India  and  the  Soutli  Sea  Islands,  both  plants  of  the  same 
family  uitli  the  present,  likewise  possess  tlie  faculty  of  intoxi- 
cating fish. 

I'L.VTK  ur. 

A  liniiirh  «/  the  luditnil  ../.-c.     ,i.   Tin-  jloims-  <ni</  i/.,iim/  /■  ■,/.■,■.     /,.  TIr 

muir,  pi  ij'i  rt  j„,(l. 


4 

t 


I'l    Mil 


Vi'iiciii  l:ilitiil(i|ii:4 
Hriiiiil  podded .  '/caa'ii  •  fi<i't<i  •'  I'lryr  si/it/ur 


X'<i 


Fl. 


'I 
or  ' 
am 
wpc 

1'"' 
v.'l 


ACA(  lA.* 

(Xeckiik,  \Vii.i,ii.) 


X„hn:,l    Onlir.    Li;firMiN(is.K.      Lhunnm    ('l.t^.sijln,ti„„,    I'l'iA- 

(;AMIA,  Md.MKClA. 

Flowers  roi.YdAMdUs,  prifivt  an.l  t^tainiiiilViv.ii:^.— r.'/.v.':  1  to  ,.- 
t.M.tli.a.  /',^'/.<  I'clll-to  live,  (lislili.'t.oi-UhitiMl  iiit()iiln(.lio|M'tiil..ils, 
4  to  5-clft'l  .•..nillu.  ShiuHi,.^;  iVoiu  cidit  or  t.'U  to  two  lnni4iv,l. 
f.,,/.,w,-  witl.oiit  iiiinnii.fums  hrtwcvn  the  .-onU,  dry,  (will, out 
jiiilji.)  aiiil  1-viilviil. 

Tlioso  arc  trcosaMil  .slirubs  prin.ipally  of  warm  or  luil.l  tliiuatis,  whli 
or  witl.o.it  slii>ulur  or  .cattcrr,!  stilus.  'I'hc  kavcs  are  usually  siuall 
au.l  variously  iminat.'.l:  soMi..funcs  (parliruhuly  ii.  Hi-  N-w  iiolhn.d 
siRvic.-)  111.'  tnu.  Iravcs  \u  thr  aaull  M-r  al.oilivr,  ;nul  llu-  siniplo  l-aly 
,„.tiolcs,  called  i.liyllo.lcs,  aloMc  suitb'  tl>cir  place.  Flowers  oli.u 
yllow,  more  rarely  white  or  red,  disposed  in  si^heric'  '  -ads  or  in 
sjiiki's. 


BROAD-rODDEI)    ACACIA. 

Acacia  i.ATisii.i.;tA.  //,cn»;.v  ///"/>/•-',  /-/mmV  ■,-J>':i:<,  /-/"'''>  1  <>- 1. ">:/•";/'■>• 
, //;y,/;.-/,s  ul>li(.--is,  ."tipnlif  hiwUifoniulMS  iliwldl'ili^-n.ril'ili--',  r'ifl"l'< 
pnlm^.-iihitis  an/im/'ifii  in  pwu'iilani  (miiirnhm  w//»/;.v;)...s;/;.s  InrnnUn- 
l,mf],'  si:i,:i.it",  phiio,  iiU-rnqm-  ,/-v(/-/.— Dkcand.,  I'rod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  -tCT. 

A.-A(''IA  LATisiMciCA.  Im:n„-,s  f'li!^  /.>////-"/-•  parlMihi'.i  qiiwr'J":/'-'^ 
rami.^  f.ruosis,  gcwmis  fjluhosi.^.—Lia^.,  ^p.  I'l-    Vv.n^oos,  Rynops.. 

*  Am  ;incicnt  Civk  name,  from  ,i^.>:n,,  to  /."/»/,  or  .«/Hir;r«,  many  "f  t'"''  ''V 
c!.;s  liein-  tliurny.  ^^^ 


I^l 


II  |[  ()  A  D-  I'o  |»  H  i:  li     A  ('  A  I'  I  A. 


vol.   ii.  |i.  -J";'!.     W'li.i.ii..  Sji.,  vol.  iv.  |i.  10117.      .\1  u  i  adui.n,    Klur. 
.liiiii..  viij.  i.  \i.  ;lix. 

JiVrnI     1,1.11    yj,:,n,.<,l,  siliq'l'.s    I'lfi.-    ,'„»l/<;V»/.v,    //-/V     -'Mm.  — I'l.r  M  1  Dll.   (  Kll. 

r.iiriii.,)  f.  'i. 

'I'liis  siH'c'u'S.  like  iiKiiiydtli.Ts  of  tlic  frciuiH,  rciiiaiUal.l.'  \<y  its 
li-lil,  \vilvillL^  rcMtlici-likc  lnli;i;rc.  is,  airoriiinji  to  Dr.  lUnd-ctt, 
riirc  lit  Kcv  Wr.-t.  wliciv  it  l.ccoiiH'.s  a  very  lar-c  and  .spn-atling 

tivr.  Ildwcriii,-  in  the  nmntii  ul'  .May.      It  is  als lativc  of  tiic 

^\'^•^t  Indies  and  llir  warmer  parts  dl'  tlie  nei;jhl«>rin,u  ecinlinent, 
vlicre  it  was  I'.Minil  iy  I'hnnicr  and  Anlilet.  Accoidin;;,'  to 
Mad'ailyen.  it  i>  a  enltivated  plant  in  .laniaii'a.  It  hears  a  jiivat 
re.-enililance  In  tile  .Vcaeia  Tenured  \>y  Cate^hy,  tali.  I"-',  wliirh  is 
ipiuted  as  .1.  <iliiiii;i.  thoii-li  liy  no  means  the  same  plant  as 
Plate  :;r,  (.1'  'i  rew.  wliirh  hitler  is  the  species  most  commoiily 
t'iilli\ated  under  that  name. 

The  wood  ol'  this  Acaeia  is  said  to  he  white,  hard,  and  ehwe- 
^n-ained.  The  trunk,  as  de-erihed  hy  Cateshy.  attains  a  diameter 
of  three  li'ct.  and  is  aeeonited  an  exeidlent  wood,  next  to  the 
maho.iiany  olMaiiiaiea.  and  is  tin' hest  to  he  i'oiind  in  the  Uahanui 
Islands.  Kor  enrioiis  cahinet-work  it  excels  mahoj^any  in  its 
variahle  shininji  tints,  which  ajipear  like  watered  satin.  Several 
spe<'ies  of  the  iicnns  alllird  very  hard  and  dnrahle  wooil. 

The  small  hranches  in  this  species  are  ^ray,  slender,  anil 
.-oinewliat  ziiizajr.  The  leaves  are  hipinnate.  on  main  petioles,  a 
little  more  than  an  inch  long;  hetweeii  the  first  pair  of  pinnules 
is  usually  seen  on  the  petiole  a  projectiiig  thouLih  sometimes 
merely  a  depressed  gland;  the  next  pairs  are  without  -.'lands  to 
the  summit  of  the  leaf-stalk,  where  there  is  then  another 
di'jiressed  uland.  The  pinnules  vary  in  our  plant  from  two  to 
four  iiair;  (we  have  not  seen  five.)  The  leaflets  of  the  iiinimle 
are  olilonji-elliiitic,  nearly  .smooth,  ohtu.se,  somewhat  ohlique, 
and  rounded  at  hase,  in  from  eight  to  fifteen  or  sixteen  pairs. 
From  the  axils  of  the  two  or  three  uppermost  leaves  come  out 
finiple    OY    aggregati'd    peduncles,    u.sually    hy    threes,    above, 


1!  ltd  A  Iil'<i  I)  h  !■;  Ii     A  <•  A  <'  I  A. 


18.1 


niMMin;:  t.,^..tli.T  s..  iis  lo  lunn  a  sini.H  s|.i..-r-lluNV.Mvcl  imnnl,.. 
«itl.  .■arl.  ..r  tl...  .li.st.TS  sul.t.M.I.Ml  l.y  latlirr  |,„-v.  .l.ri.lu<ms. 
ai,iiflcxi<".Ml.-,  scn.ic.nliitc  mimI  iunir.iimli"  kiikdU.  l>ra.'tcs.  wl.i.li 
ivsrml.lc  stipules.     Tin"  llowiTs  aiv  .lisposcd  in  siil.crical.  rather 
MUMll  liemls.  on  iieilnneles  al.unl  tiiiv.M|nailers  of  an  inch  Ion-: 
they  appear  whif  IV-.tn  tl.<>  e..l..r  of  th-  Inn-.  t..rtn..us.  i>;ii.-liUe 
stainenH.     The  ealyx  is  eaneseent.  with  a  cose  pnli.srenee.  irnl 
fivo-cleft  at  tiu'  summit.     '!'!..■  enruUa  is  deeply  llve-i'aited.  and  ..f 
a  pumlish  Immn.  with  ul.l..n-h"i<'e..late  divisions.     Tlie  stamens 
an.  ten  or  more,  Nvith  v.-ry  Ion-  liK    . -..ts.  and  very  snndl  whitish 
rounded  anthers.     The  le-nme   (ae.ordin-  to  Dr.  IMod-vtl)   .s 
r.an-  or  live  in.  h.s  Ion-,  Ihit,  thin,  numy-seeded.  and  an  inrh  or 
more  in  ijreaiUii. 

TLATK   LIII. 


iv.-ir 


I  N  G  A. 

(I'l.UMIlllt,   WlLl,I).) 


Xiiliiml    Orih r,    Li:f;'.'Mi\ns.i^.      LIiiiktkh    r/,im!jliii/!o)t,   Poly- 

CAMIA,  M()N(i;(IA. 

Flowers  I'OTA-dAMOi:?,  peifccf,  tiiiil  niulc. —  (.!////./■  o-tootlicd.  Cornlli 
inono]ietiil(Mis,  tulnilur-runncl-roniioil,  excccdinstlio  calyx  in  lotiLrtli, 
witli  the  Itonlin-  ivu'ular  and  4  or  5-uk'ft.  S/'iiDuia  iuuiutoih,  oy- 
scrtod,  (10  lo  20O,)  with  tlio  caiiiliary  lilanicnts  iiioro  or  lusri  iinitod 
intC'  il  tiibo.  Lri/mnr  Lroadly  linear,  eoniiiressed,  ]-celk'il.  ^V,v/^■ 
usually  covorod  with  jmlp,  uiore  rarely  with  a  pelliele  or  with  fari- 
naceous matter. 

Rhruhs  or  trees  of  warm  or  trojiical  climates,  chietly  indi;;-i'nous  to 
India  and  America,  nsmilly  uuarnu'd.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  ulolmlar 
heads,  red  or  white,  rarely  yellow. 


BLUNT-LEAVED   TXGA. 

In'(1A  r.\(ifis-rATi.t     Sjiun'.^  .^/ipiihirlliiis  irdi-;  filHn  r<i)>/iiii"l<'-fi('iiii'>'itis, 
fdlniVo:  ^iihciiliinik-dVpUi'is  siilKlhinili'ili'.s  mcinhraiMccis  ghihrix,  qlnmlid'i. 


*  An  Americiii  iianio  adopted  by  I'luiiiior. 

f  'I'lic  si«cilio  iiiiimi  (if  uii:/iiis-niH.  idludes  to  the  slitirt  and  rather  concealed 
thorns  with  wliieh  this  tree  is  providi'd.  TSrowne  calls  it  llie  h/iirk-l„i„l  >^hnili, 
and  from  (jthers  in  .Taniaiea,  aeeonlin.L'  to  Maefadyen,  il  rcecivi'-'  the  timmhs  oC 
I'lirhiir/i   'I'lnini  and  \' /ilirifii-  7'rii'. 


[.y- 


,11a 
■til, 
oy- 

t(Ml 

iri- 


:  to 
llMl- 


Ills, 

hlht. 


iilcd 
mil, 


i 


< 


I,1V 


<>tt>7<nri  lith  I'hil 


lll'i.l  I  iiviiiN  i'M\. 


BL 


U  N  T  -  L  !•:  AA'  K  I '     1  ^'  ' ' 


(licltdti 


(lllKIl  [II 


lluli  ijhtl'rUt  inhrj'nni'l'ijh 


(jriiiii  '■iiji' 


lal:..  ,/lnl„ 


1.^7 


'  //(  r'i''r- 


nram  knnum 
]i.  4:'>*i. 

MiMnS.V    IIIK/'I 


1(1)1 


disposHi^',  U'jiiJiunc 


/,„./„.— DixANi).,  rrod.,  Vc 


(/;,— Linn.,  ^\» 


490.     Wii.r.n..  ^1'-  l''-.  '^■"l-  '^'-  1' 


1000.    Jacijuin, 


•Flor. 


Aiitil 


vol.   1. 


Ildi't.  SclKHMiln-iuin,  vol.  ii. 

t;ih.  11.      SWAllTZ.,  Ol)S.,    p. 


ti.b. 


i^;',). 


DllSCOl'llT., 

Ma(  I'AinHN, 


Flor.  J:nii.,  vol.  i.  p. 


30(J. 


Ai-'K-ii-i  7" 


'(Ir'I'iil'i 


iliqai- 


uimditi 


rLUMU'.U. 


(Ivl.  1! 


iiniuiii, 


ri.UKEX.,  till).  1,  fig.  6. 


Acacia 


(irhorca   mnjor   sihuos'T,  J'"'"''^  'J 


iiiiUtor,  SI 


Vquls 


iiiloi'tis. — 


Sloane,  Hist.  Jam.,  v 


Ol.  11.  p. 


;j(i. 


Miniom  j'rid'icim,  Ju'iis  oni 
IJiiowNK,  Jamaic,  p.  -- 


ills  blnalo-hinatk,  sciitiinbus  < 


dro-iii 


Uulihilf. — 


Tins  very  singv 
from  ton  to  twenty  R-L-t,  is  in 


ilav-loavcd  treo,  attaining 


abimt  the  lioi.^lit  of 


li^cnons  to  many  < 


,f  the  West  Indi 


Islaiuls,  as  wc 


11  as  to  Cmnana  and  CayeniiP 


on  the  ni'i.iililioriii.Li' 


con 


tinont,  where  it  was  ohsevvea  by 


1  by  Humboldt  and  Bonplan 


,d  in  the  hitter  phuv  by  Anblet.     This  is  als. 


ilso  another  ol"  tli 


Caribbean  pro 
States,  haviiif; 
Dr.  Blod-ett. 


,dnctions  whieh  extends  to  the  limits  of  the  Unit-.l 
.  been  recently  Ibnnd  in  Key  West  by  our  iVie.ul 


The  wo< 


and  tl 


le  nr 


d  is 


id  to  be  V( 


How.  the  sinnmit  of  the  tree  irregi 


liar, 


ranches  stra 


jxray,  nu 
thorns  are  s 


lininsr  to  brown,  am 


i:-linir.     The  smaller  twi-s  are  round  and 
I  covered  with  minute  warts.     The 


tipuli 


ir,  or 


come  out  at  the  ,i 


UIK 


lion  of  the  leaf  with 


b.'stem;  they  vary  in  si/e,  but  an 


ilwavs  siiort.  and  in  some 


,f  the  twigs  wi 


holly  absent. 


Tiie  leaves  are  bipinnate.  only 


four 


in  numlier 


the  leallets  on  ea( 


1,  pinule  being  only  a  single  pair, 


,,,sile.  oliovate,  very  obHise  or  subemargma 


te  and  rounded  above. 


ihibrons 


and  of  a  thin  texture,  wi 


th  widelv-rcticu 


lated 


the  petiole  channelled  above,  with  a  liollow 
iunctiou  of  the  secudarv  ,ietiolcs.      liaceni 


circular  iihiiu 


iier\c! 
1  at  tl 


terniiuai 


llic  peilice 


loiiii'  am 


1  fasti'iiate.  almost  like  a  coryn 


•rreeui 


r-h    \ 


cllow    am 


1   siiioolh,  in 


ilol 


jose 


heads.     Calyx  small, 


thyrsoid. 
Flowers 
11, 


188 


G  U  A  D  A  L  0  r  P  E     IN  G  A. 


fivo-tdotlRMl.     Corolla  more  lliaii  twii'o  the  Iciijith  of  the  ciilv.v, 


fivc'-clcf't  toward   tlio  siiiiiniit,  the  seirinents 


acu 


te.     Fil; 


iin('ut>< 


iimncrous.  slender,  anil  ea|)illar\',  ncIIow.  tliri'c  times  tlie  lenLitii 


)!■  th 


1)11  ri 


e  eor 
lie  col 


■ollii 


I. 


iC^'inne 


toi'ulose,  s[)irally  t\vistt'(l. 


redi 


our 


•(Is  i 


Ive  or  six,  blaek,  shinins',  roundisl 


1,  eom- 


pr 


esscd,  half  covered  with  a  white,  tleshy,  ai'ilhis-like  pellicle 


This  plant  has  the  credit  oi"  hein.i 
nephritic  comjjlaints,  for  the  stone  an( 


pel 
a  sovereign  remedy  11  )r 
1  <;ravel,  and  also  for  ol)- 
i^trnctions  of  the  liver.  The  hai'k  is  the  part  employed;  and 
ISarham  states  (in  his  account  of  Jamaica,  where  this  tree  grows) 
tliat  in  his  time  it  was  in  such  general  nso  that  it  was  rare  to 
meet  with  a  tree  that  had  not  been  harked.  The  decoction,  of 
a  red  coloi',  is  very  asti'ingent,  and  acts  as  a  diuretic.  It  has  also 
been  employed  I'xternally'  i  s  a  lotion  and  injection,  to  i'emo\e  tiic 
relaxation  of  the  parts,  ['[ion  the  whole,  it  would  seem  to  be 
entitled  to  tlu;  notice  of  [ihysicians,  and  descr\es  ii  further 
examhuition. 

PLATE  J.IV. 

A  lirniirli  iif  tin:  liiiliiral  ^-uc.     d.    'I'/h  jlmrir  ^niiiiirluil  (hIhi-i/k/. 


GUADALOUPE   IXGA. 

Ini:A  (  Ir.MiAI.CrilNSIS.       Jui  /-///'V', /o///.v  riii,jil,/il/,,-i/i  iil'liillis,l'<iliii/i.-;  iiliiii-illis 

niilirliiiiii/ii  i,<  iili/)i.'-i.i  i-iiiii.<l.<  iildlii  rriiiiis.  i//iiiiJiil'i.  in  iHrhiiliiiiiiii  /idinli 
iji'lliri  li  iiiUr  jUiiiih:,  c<ijii(iili.\  ijluhiisis  [inHi-illiilis  /'(/'■iniu.^i.^,  /((^niiiiin' 
tiiiio  (/Idhro. — DucANii.,  I'rod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  4:)(i. 

MlMiiSA    (iUADAI.l  1'1;.\.<1S.      i''i/'Vx    liijiiijif  /(///i.//.v    (j)-iii:ii(is,    ohl'iijiiis    tinh- 

cori<K'ti.<,  ((iii'iliilis  ciiri/iiilio.^i.''. — Pdrsuu.n,  Syiio[is.,  vol.  ii.  [i.  -*'rJ.. 

Tins  species  also  becomes  a  tree  of  twelve  to  twenty  feet  ele- 
vation  at  Key  West,  according  to  the  oljservation  of  tiie  same 


ir 


V.I 


?    ■  H.i.Ul'l. 


I'l.  \x 


'!     n.i.„r.i;i/il1Ur~ 


/M,w  ,Mi ' 


hn.ij.iltw/if  llhjit 


\\\ii\    (illilil;illl|ic'iiis 


litiiti   til-  Li  tUituli-liiufie 


HCI 

ilci 

('(' 

\\] 
lit 

bl 

ill 
(Jl 
k' 

Ix 

til 

"1 
l» 

ul 
li 
111 

VI 
VI 
CI 
Ml 
CI 
II 
ll 
SI 
h 


G  r.\  DA  i,()  r  r  !•:    iN(iA. 


180 


^(•iitlciiiiui  wlio  (liM'i)V('rc(l  till-  iircccdiiii^-.  The  >i)cciiiicii  dr- 
H'rihcd  li\'  Pcrsooii  (■■.iiiic  from  the  island  of  (luadidi)ii[ir.  Dccaii- 
diillc  Mi>i)Oct.s  that  it  may  lie  ii  inciv  tlinrnlcss  variety  dftln'  \nv- 
ct'diii^-  species,  (J.  iinniUN-niti ;)  Imt,  iVoiii  iniiiiiToiis  s[M'ciiiii'iis 
Avhicli  we  liavc  inspccti'd  iVom  Floiidii,  tliore  can  remain  very 
little  ddulit  of  its  distinction  as  a  peculiar  species. 

Tlie  spines  appear  to  lie  vvlioily  wantinii';  the  l)ar]<  of  thi; 
Ijranches  is  uray  and  rough  with  minute  warts.  The  petioli'S  arc 
aliout  threo  lines  long,  and  of  the  same  h'ugth  with  tiie  partial 
ones;  hoth  nro  strongly  grooved  nml  distinctly  articulated.  The 
leavi'S  are  smooth  iind  coriaceous,  shining  ahovo,  didl  and  paler 
heneath,  delicately  and  reticulately  veined,  ([uite  opaque  from 
their  thickness,  cuneate-oblong  or  lanceolatoK)hlong,  ohtuse,  and 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  apex,  at  other  times  rather  acute  and 
apieulated.  A  depres.sed  gland  at  the  summit  of  the  petiole 
lietween  the  stalks,  and  also  one  less  distinct  between  the  ]>airs 
of  leallets.  The  tlowers  are  axillary  and  long-pedunculate;  they 
likewise  terminate  the  branches  in  corymbose  racemes.  The 
heads  of  tlowers  aiv  hemispherical,  and  ap[)ear  to  have  been 
yeUo\vi,>^h  green.  The  calyx  is  campaindate,  with  acute  and 
vi'ry  distinct  teeth;  the  corolla  is  nionopetalons,  more  widely 
cMUipanulate  at  the  suuniiit,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with 
acute  segments.  The  pods  are  dark  iiurplish  brown,  much 
curved,  three  to  four  inches  long,  alfout  half  an  inch  wide, 
attenuateil  at  the  base,  torulose  iuid  irregularly  narrowed  between 
the  seeds,  but  not  interee|)te(l  williiu.  The  seeds  are  deei)  black, 
somewhat  compressed,  and  at  one  extremity  half  covered  by  a 
bright  rose-red  lleshy  and  lobed  arilli-;-. 


PLATE   LV. 

A  hnnirli  "f  llif  iiiilnriii  -"1:1:     a.    I'lic  rii>i' pod.     h.    Tha  ■^•><(. 


S  C  11  ^E  F  ¥  i:  11  A. 

(.lACyUlN.) 


Xuliirttl  Order,  (jKl.ASTniNK.K?      Liiurvdn  Cla-'isijicuHoii,  DkkciA, 

Tetisandhia. 

])|ii;ciiir.-. —  (jdii.r  siiiiill,  4-iiiirtfil,  jicrsistciit.  7'  /"/.v  foui',  iiltcriiutin,i? 
with  the  scji;ils.  Stuiiiiiiii.  lour,  (iiiinisitc  to  llii'  pcliils.  Onirliim 
L'-ci'IKmI.  Sli(/)iiiis  two.  lirrrji  dry,  liiimrtiti',  culls  l-scedcd.  t<(til 
civet,  iiliuio-c'oiivex  ;  iilliumcii  tk'sliy  ;  uiiiliryo  central,  straiglit,  iiiul 
ihit. 

Trcps  of  Trojiiciil  Aiiici'lcM,  willi  iiltcnuitc,  cntii'o,  foriacooiiM  loaves; 
stipules  none;  ilowers  sevenil,  axillary,  small  and  pcdieellaled,  white 
ol'  "Tcen. 


JAMAICA   BOXWOOD. 

Scii/iF.FFKUA  nfxiroi.iA.      FnJii.s  hDicrdiilu-ovatls  liii.ii  (iltoiiKilis  pkrisqHC 

iicKtis  rdiiiiilisijiic  i/lnlirl.",  ]Hi'ili,'<  riri'lis  dhlifsis. 
Sc'iiynrriuiiA  ruLTKScKNS,  hiij-ifiilia.     Foliis  latins  ovatis  niiicronatis. 

— ])i:cAND.,  Trod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  41.     Lam.,  lUust.,  1.  80!). 
Jlii.ri  fiiliu  iDnjurr  (ir)iiiiii}(iti),  (irhitr  buocij'cra,  fructit.  minorc  crocco  tUpjrcnu. 

— Si.oANK,  Hist.  Janiai.'a,  vol.  ii.  p.  10:2,  tab.  200,  lit;.  1. 

AccniiDiXG  lo  Dr.  Biudgctt,  this  plant,  common  at  K03'  West 
and  on  tlio  adjoining  keys  of  Ea.st  Flo'-ida,  hocomcH  a  tree  of 

*  .\:iiiii'(l  ill  1 or  ul'  .James  Christiuii  SclnulVer,  ol'  Iiutisljuii,  author  of  several 

botaiiieal  works. 
VM 


to 


\ 


^ 

i 

i 


i 


I'l  I.VI 


{.-"iiuiMMr-  UhrkUa 


ll/a,ftf<M* 


Si  h(i'ff<'i;i  luixifoli;! 

.hnv-uai    H.'.y  Hihhf  Srhir/f/ni  .(   triuths  ,1/  hum 


th 

Fi 

of 

P' 
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w 

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tl 
h 
o 
o 


JAMAICA     BOXWOOD. 


101 


thirty  feet  in  lu-ioht,  and  is  an  article  of  export  from  the  Ba- 
hama Lshuuls,  where  it  is  valued  at  about  forty  dollars  the  ton. 
From  Poiteau's  "  Herbarium,"  it  appears  to  grow  in  the  island 
of  St.  Domingo;  it  i=  -1-  npnarently  identical  with  the  Jamaica 
plant  of  Sloane.  The  wood  is  pale  yellow,  very  close  and  fnie- 
grained,  and  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  that  of  the  true  Box, 
which  name  it  bears  in  the  Bahamas. 

The  twigs  are  slender  and  covered  with  a  light  gray  bark. 
The  leaves^  are  very  smooth  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface, 
with  slender  branching  veins,  lanceolate  and  very  acute,  yet  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  same  specimen  blunt  or  even  emargmate; 
but  thev  are  always  narrowed  below.     The  i.ale  flowers  (the 
only  ones  I  have  seen)  are  small,  on  very  sh:.rt  peduncles,  three 
or  four  to-'ether,  witli  a  rather  minute  caly:<,  and  four  broadish, 
green,  oblong,  obtuse  petals.      The  stamens  are  usually  four, 
shorter  than  the  petals,  sometimes  more  by  the  mgraftment  ol 
two  peduncles.     The  stigmas  are  two,  and  short.     The  berries 
rather  flattened  and  two-lobed,  about  the  size  of  a  grain  of  cubebs, 
dry.  but  with  a.  thick  integument,  two-celled,  two^eeded.  and  of 
a  pale  oran-e-yellow  when  ripe.     Appearances  of  resin  are  visible 
on  «ome  of  the  bu.ls,  and  the  berries  have  rather  an  acrid  bitter 
taste,   something   like    that  of  tobacco;    yet,  notwithstanding 
their  disa-reealile  taste,  they  are  greedily  devoured  by  birds. 

Tlie  white  flowers  of  S./nil,sm>s,  the  S.  comphta  of  Swart/, 
M„l  it.  humble  stature,  a]>pear  to  distinguish  it  from  our  plant. 


T.i^Ai'E   LVI. 

A  huwrh  of  the  mdmil  si:.:    u.   Thcvmkjhmr.     h.   Thfnnf. 


C  E  A  N  O  T  H  U  S/ 

(Lixx.,  in  pnrt.) 


Natunil    Order,   Eiiamxk.t:,   (Dccand.)    Linnrrnn    Clasmfimtion, 

PKXTAXnUIA,  MOXOGYNIA. 

Cohjx  campanulatc,  shortly  5-clcft,  with  the  horilor  docichinus.  rdnh 
live,  nu'iillato,  and  arched,  csscrtod,  with  long  claws.  Stamais  ex- 
scrtod.  JJi-^l;  thickened  at  the  margin  surrounding  the  ovary. 
Sii/k'S  three,  uinted  to  the  middle.  Fruil  dry  and  rigid,  mostly 
0-celled,  ohtusely  triangular,  seated  on  the  persistent  tube  of  tho 
calyx,  tricoccous,  dehiscing  by  the  inner  sutures.  .Vcu/.v  obovate, 
even. 

Shrubs  or  undershrubs,  rarely  smiUl  trees,  of  tho  temperate  parts  of 
America.  Roots  largo  and  ligneous.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate  or 
cUipti'ul,  mostly  serrate,  sometimes  entire,  persistent  or  deciduous. 
Flowere  white  or  blue,  in  umbel-liko  clusters,  aggregated  at  the 
extremities  of  the  branches  into  thyrsoid  corymbs.  The  taste  of  the 
root  an<l  most  other  parts  of  the  plant  more  or  less  astringent.  One 
of  the  species  was  formerly  employed  as  a  succedaneum  for  tea,  and 
hence  the  name  of  "New  Jcrsii/  Tea." 


*  .Vniiueient  Greek  name  cuiiiluyeil  by  TheuplirarttUH  fur  a  filaiit  nuw  unknown. 


102 


i 


■1  LVll 


TlHM*    iVallDlllllK 
ainolluM  i/nrxit'liiiutc  Ccunolhf  (hrrsiyJi'i'e ■ 


TREE   CEAXOTIIUS. 

CEAX'/riiis  Tiiviii^iFi.onrs.  Arhorca,mrl.i;  ranm(wrliitls,f<,lilsonih. 
obhwjis  iiilnllqitki^,  ohUms  mmmmdis,  tjla,HMoi<o-.sirriiM;s  siih- 
t/hhris,  siihlii.^  siibclllosi': ;  (h.i/rm  nhloiif/o-oroUbus  (kii.sijhris  coyijm- 
'inii;,  ,'.nll<rr:i>^is  trn,nH<M„s>i>ir,  ranii'^  Jh.nj'cns  folmis  ;  florihus  nzuiri^. 

Ckaxothus  (!np:-;floms.—\^saiowi^,  in  Mom.  Acad.  St.  rctorsl..,  (1820.) 
IlnoKKii,  Flor".  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  125.  11ooki:iv  und  AiiNorr,  in 
IJot.  15ui!cliy,  p.   131).     TuiiiiKY  and  Guay,  vol.  i.  p.  200. 

Though  .suveral  .species  of  tlii.s  ok-iint  genus  in  California, 
Oregon,  and  along  tlio   northwest  coa.st,   become  considerahliJ 
shrubs,  this  is  the  only  one  which  can  be  classed  among  trees. 
It  was  somewhat  abundant  on  dry,  gravelly  hills  in  the  vicinity 
of  Monterey,  where  I  arrived  in  the  month  of  March,  about 
the  time  that  it  was  bursting  into  llower.     My  attention  was 
called  to  it  in  the  wood-pile,  where  considerable  stems,  at  least 
us  thick  as  a  man's  leg.  lay  consigned  to  the  ignoble  but  still 
imiH.rtant   use  of  firewood.     The  wood   appeared   hard,  tough, 
of  a  reddish  clor,  and  it  allbrded  a  durable  fuel.     The  l)ranches 
were  tortuous,  spreading,  and  coveri'd  with  a  rough  Ijark;  the 
branchlets    green    and    angular.       Leaves    nearly    elliptic,    the 
uppermost  ovate-oblong,  all  ghindularly  serrulate ;  al)ove  smooth, 
beneath  pubescent,  particularly  along  the  three  strong  nerves 
which  traverse  the  leaf  to  the  sunnnit ;  the  petioles  very  short ; 
the  upper  branchlets  terminating  in  thyrsoid  panicles  of  deep 
blue   and  very  elegant  tlowers,  made   up  of  numerous  round, 
dense  clusters,  in  small  corymbs;  the  terminal  mass  oval,  alxn.t 
three  inches  long  by  about  an  inch  in  wi.lth ;  the  clusters  are 
subtended   by  ovate,  acuminate,  broad,  villous,  and   deciduous 
bractes.     Tlie  calyx,  petals,  and  peduncles,  are  of  a  deep  sky- 
blue ;   the  segments  of  the  calyx   ovate;   the  petals,  as  usual, 
ungniculate  and  exserted,  as  well  as  the  stamens;  the  anthers 
are  v.'Uow.     With  the  fruit  1  am  wholly  unacquainted. 

Vuu  lV.-l:i  ^''•■' 


1D4 


T  U  E  E    C  E  A  N  U  T  II  U  S. 


As  this  is  a  liartly  and  very  ornamental  i)lant,  it  well  dcwrvcs 
cultivation.  Tlie  llower.s  appear  early  in  the  spring,  and  tlic 
whole  sunnuit  ol"  the  tree  appears  of  an  intense  blue. 

The  bark  of  the  CciiiioI/iiih  a7:tin-m,  a  plant  allied  to  the  pre- 
sent species,  is  esteemed  in  Mexico  as  a  lebrifuge. 

PLATE  LVII. 

^■1  lifiiiirli  cf  the  iHiUifdl  size.     a.  The  Jhiirrr. 


Ckanothl-s  jiwcrociirpus. — Nutt.,  in  Tnr.UKY  iiiid  Guay.  As  this  is 
not  tlio  plant  of  Willdenow,  I  take;  tliis  opportunity  of  cormtini,' 
the  orror,  and  propose  to  call  it  Cnmuthiis  iiiqidciirpiif. 

I'Eitsi.MMoN,  (Dmptjrus  Viri/nilnna.)  ,9  pudkscicns.  FuU'm  litihlns  vkiI- 
lilcr  jiil'-isifi. 

Of  this  reniarkalde  variety,  with  the  leaves  softly  pilose 
lieneath,  I  have  seen  specimens  from  Louisiana,  collected  l)y 
Mr.  Teinturier;  and  a  very  similar  but  less  pubescent  variety 
was  found  in  Georgia  by  tlie  late  Dr.  Baldwin,  (according  to 
specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
in  tliis  place.) 


cs 


10 


to 


I  lAllI 


Snake  Wood. 

Coliihriiltl  Anu't'inuui  /iin.i  (//■  ('(iiilriiyre 


C  O  L  U  B  11 1  N  A. 


(HiCI'AKD.) 


Na(,u;d  Order,  RiiAMNE.F..     Li>N,<ran  a>u>Hifirafum,  Pentaxdria, 

MoNOOYNIA. 

0,h,x  spvcadinir,  .Vcleft;  the  tube  iKnuisplun-icnl.  P>f'>h  five,  ol- 
oviite,  involute,  ,SV.  •  'CVS  live,  ^vitl,  ovate,  -l-vAV'A  atulinv.  I>,.^h 
il.sliy,  ratlier  <'.at,  slightly  rj-anirletl.  Ovm-n  immerse.l  in  a.i.l  ad- 
herini  to  the  disk,  ^^celled.  %/c  trifid.  HHnmas  throe.  Fruil 
tapsular,  de'iisc'ent,  trieocoous,  gir,^  at  the  base  by  the  adiiate,  per- 
ma.ient.  entire  tube  of  the  ealyx.  Sa:ds  furnished  with  a  sliort 
i<talk,  the  testa  eoriaeeo--',  very  smooth. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  Trnpieal  America  and  Asia.  Leaves  alternate, 
with  pinnate  .lerves,  and  retieuhUe.I  witli  transv.Tse  veins.  Flowers 
in  short,  axillary  cymes. 


SNAKG-WOOD. 


CoLunniNA    Ameiucana.      FM.<  nnitis   suhrtcnminans   mlr;ir;s,   sHbln.' 
rmiu'U,  Jbribus,,m  farurjlnco-villosis,  Jiorihus   axillnribjis    ,-or!/mb,m 

iiiliirc()atii. 
CEANOTiins  coM,rimn.~lMiMicK.    Dixanl.,   Prod.,  vol.   ii.   p.    :!l. 

ri;Ksi)iiN,  Svnops.,  vol.  i.  p.  244. 
liHAMNT-  n-/;//,r/,M..-.lAC(iUiN',  Amcr.,  74,  No,  -J,  Uort.  Vindobon., 
vol.  iii.  tab.  .-,().     V.V.K1,,  Icon,  rar.,  tab.  lO,",.     Linn.,  Sy^t.,  vol.  i. 


mo 


SNA  K  E-WOOn. 


IvilAMNUS  arhorcH.i,  fiilii.<!  ohimili.'<  vcno.<i.^,  cnpati)/.-.'  .ipharlri.'i,  iitfi  nic  ad 
nudklaU'in  caluptrati-^. — Buowne,  .Taniaic,  p.  172,  Xo.  2. 

]{hamnus  fcrrwjhieus. — Ni'TT.,  in  Touuey  aii<l  Gray,  Flora  X.  Am., 
vol.  i.  p.  2i>!,  and  Jourii.  At'ad.  X;it.  Sc,  I'liilad.,  vol.  vii.  ji.  90. 

Arhiir  lHU\-iJ\ra  iwllcn,  foVli  hvijorihus  spkndadhus  jhrc  pcidaptialu. — 
CoM.M.,  ][ort.,  J).  4To,  tal).  HO. 

A  I'l.owKiiiXG  si»ooiiiien  of  thirt  tree  was  collectod  at  Key 
Wc'st,  ill  East  Florida,  by  Mr.  Titian  Pualc.  From  this  im- 
porfoct  relic  I  conceived  it  to  belong  to  a  now  species,  which  I 
honco  called  the  lerriiginous  Buckthorn ;  hut  on  comparing  it 
more  attentively  with,  a  line  specimen  of  lihamnus  cohihrlmm, 
collected  in  St.  Domingo  by  I'oiteau,  I  felt  satisfied  of  their 
identity.  It  is  indigenous  to  the  islands  of  St.  Martin,  tlic 
Bahamas.  Jamaica,  St.  Domingo,  and  Cuba,  whore,  on  the  high 
niDinitains,  it  lioconies  a  tree  of  twenty  feet  in  height;  but  on 
the  borders  of  the  sea,  among  the  brushwood,  it  seldom  attains 
a  greater  lieight  than  that  of  six  or  .seven  foot.  The  branches 
s})road  out  luri/ontally  and  are  tliickly  covered  with  loaves. 
It  is  remarkable  for  thi'  ferruginous  d(jwn  spread  over  the 
petioles  and  Noung  U'aves,  as  well  as  upon  the  j)oduncles  and 
calyx  of  tlie  tiv)\vers.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  blackish,  but 
the  younger  branches  are  gray  and  down}'.  The  leaves  an' 
alternate,  oval,  somewhat  acuminately  and  abruptly  pointed, 
entire,  smooth  and  shining  almve,  tomeritose  beneath  when 
young,  afterward  only  so  on  the  nerves,  three  to  four  inches 
long  by  about  two  inches  widi-;  the  petioles  from  a  (piarter  to 
half  an  inch  long.  The  llowers  are  small,  disposed  in  sliort, 
axillary  corymbs,  ci)ntaining  in  each  duster  idjout  seven  to  ton. 
'J'lio  calyx  is  \iilous  and  ferruginous,  live-parted,  the  divisions 
ovate  and  somewhat  acute;  the  |ietals,  five  in  numlier,  are  nar- 
row, linear-oblong,  about  the  length  i)f  the  divisions  of  the 
calyx,  unguiculate,  concave,  and  partly  endjracing  the  stamens, 
which  are  about  the  same  length.  FU'sliy  disk  of  the  germ 
conspicuous,  broiidly  live-lobod.     'J"h(>  style  is  simple,  termiiuiting 


SNAKE-n'OOl). 


197 


i,;  throe  siiiipU",  ol)tusc  stigmas.  The  fruit,  nearly  hnlf-way 
embraced  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx,  is  a  capsule  of 
three  lobes,  with  three  valves  and  three  elastic  cells.  The 
seeds  are  solitary,  nearly  round,  and  somewhat  compres.sed, 
shining  and  black,  remaining,  often  after  the  lapse  of  the  cap- 
sule, attached  to  the  base  of  the  cells.  With  the  wood  of  this 
tree  or  its  economy  I  am  unacquainted. 

Another  species  of  this  genus,  with  smooth,  elliptic,  and  some- 
what acuminated  leaves  on  longish  petioles,  occurs,  according  to 
La  Sagra,  in  Cuba.  In  this  also  the  small  axillary  umbels  are 
very  few-llowered,  smooth,  and  pedicelhited :  this  might  Ijo  called 
Co  ithruia  ijlabra. 

PLATE   LVIII. 

A  hnnirh  of  (he  nntural  size.    a.  The  ,n„hd  of  jlowrr^.     b.  The  flower  n 
link  enlarged,     e.  The       I  lYimumiig  attached  to  the  reeeplarle. 


IJ  U  C  K  T  H  O  P  N. 


Xii/in-iil  Onlt  i;  RiiAMXK.E.     Liinimm  Clunnljlration,  rKXTANOKlA, 

MoNOGYNIA. 

RIIAMXUS.*    (Li.vN.) 

(V///r  nroooliito,  witli  the  border  4  or  5-clet't.  I'ltuJ.^  four  or  five, 
altoriKitiiijj  witli  tlio  calyx,  eiit'ro,  cmargiiiato  or  i-loliod,  riioru 
or  less  C'liivoluto,  somctuiic;;  ivantiiii;.  Tunis  tliiii,  rmiiiic  llio  tulu' 
of  the  calyx.  Stainitid  situated  before  the  petals.  Onny  free,  and 
not  irninersed  in  the  torus  or  dii^'c,  2  to  4-eelled.  S/i/l(S  two  to 
four,  distinct,  or  eonibined.  Fndt  drupaceous,  eoutaiuiiig  two  to 
four  eartilaginou:i  nuts. 

The  15urkthorns  are  all  shrubs  or  snuUI  trees,  with  alternate  and 
rarely  opposite  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  often  pennatejy  nerveil. 
The  tlowers  are  snudl  and  ii;reenish,  usnaily  in  short  axiihiry  (JMslers 
or  small  eorvndis. 


CAROLINA  BUCKTIIORX. 

KuA.MXt-s  CAitoi.ixiANrs,  C^Vai.tkk,  Flor.  Carol.,  ]i.  101.)  Enrtiis. 
fulii.i  <iraV<-<jhhiiHj'ts  iii/if/riusriilis  (jhihris,  iDiibillis  iiuluiiciihiiis,  Jliirlliii.-< 
licrmiiphrixUtci',  fnirt' -is  r/lnhosis. — MiniAux,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i. 
ji.  l")!!.     Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  20. 

KiiA.MXus  Cauoliniani  s.  Erect,  unanned;  leaves  oval-oblong,  ob- 
scurely serrate,  nearly  glabrous,  (or  rarely  pubescent   lieneath ;) 


*   From  llii'  (cllic  /■//»,  liiMiicliiiiL:' ;   ;iim1  liriicr  llic  (Ircck  /.uym^. 
IDS 


to 
to 


ll/IM 


ob- 


I'l.  hlX 


Carolina  HucAthoni 

J,%,iniiiis  CirDldiifiiiis  X,/;iriiii  <^f  In  f'nrnlinr 


ur 
tl( 
III 
111 
T 

'J 

iind 
LiU 

i.r 

Arl 
Tri 

Mil 

boi 
wii 

tVli 

ve 
lo( 

Ui 
pii 
t\> 

SII 

\v 

tl 

al 
it 


CAROLINA    BUCKTHORN. 


199 


umlit'ls  axillary,  on  pcdiiiiuh^s  iniicli  shorter  than  the  jiotiok's; 
ilowors  perfect,  pciitandrous,  (.sometimes  tetrauilroii.s;)  jictals  mi- 
nute, embraciiii^  the  very  short  stamens;  styles  united  to  the  sum- 
mit; stigmas  three;  fruit  globose,  rather  dry,  5i  to  4-soedcd. — 
TouiiEV  and  (jUAY,  Flora  N.  Anier.,  i.  ji.  202. 

Tins  fuie  Bucktlioni,  though  usually  ii  shruh  in  our  Suutlieni 
iind  Southwestern  forests,  on  the  borders  of  Palmetto  Creek, 
Laurens  county,  in  Georgia,  the  late  Jlr.  Crooni  observed  trees 
of  this  species  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  In  the  forests  of 
Arkansas,  they  attain  the  height  of  ordinary  Peach  or  Ajjple 
Trees,  and,  congregated  together,  produce  shady  groves  of  con- 
siderable extent.  The  quality  or  uses  of  its  wood  remain  a 
desideratum.  The  stems  are,  however,  slender  i()r  their  height, 
being  not  more  than  four  to  si.v  inches  in  diameter. 

The  leaves  are  three  to  six  inches  long  and  one  to  two  inches 
wide,  oval-oblong  and  widening  ti>ward  the  summit,  the  ex- 
tremity more  or  les.s  briefly  acuminate,  tlie  border  slenderly 
serrulate,  and  sometimes  irregularly  waved;  the  lateral  pennate 
veins  are  ten  to  twelve,  and  rather  distant;  the  very  young 
leaves  before  oxpansiim  are  somewhat  ferruginously  villous. 
Undtels  on  stout  pedicids,  from  10  to  lo-llowered.  The  cal^x 
pubescent  but  not  ferruginous,  the  segments  laiu:e()late;  petals 
two-lobed  at  the  extremity.  The  fruit,  black,  as  large  as  a 
small  pea,  is  mostly  three-seeded.  Seeds  black,  plano-convex, 
without  a  groove. 

This  species  begins  to  ajipear  in  North  Carolina  and  extends 
through  Georgi;'  to  Florida.  West  t)f  tae  Mississippi,  it  is 
abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas,  and  Mr.  Say  collected 
it  within  the  range  of  the  Rocky  Momitains. 

In  Bartram's  Botanic  Garden,  at  Kingsessing,  where  this 
species  is  perfectly  hardy,  it  forms  an  elegant  tree,  and  has 
attained  the  height  of  nearly  twenty-five  feet  in  twenty  years. 
Colonel  Carr,the  late  worthy  proprietor  of  this  interesting  garden, 
tells  me  that  for  a  ctnsiderable  time  the  berries  remain  red.  ami 


200 


IT  11  Sirs    BUOKTHOUN. 


arc  very  oniiniu'iitiil;  at  IcMifrtli  towaril  wIiiUt  tlicy  turn  Mack, 
and  remain  so  lor  a  lonu;  time,  until  .some  famislii'd  Hock  of 
robins  liillrt  upon  anil  strips  tlicni  nearly  at  onw. 

PLATE  LIX. 

A  branch  <if  titc  nalural  nl^c.    a.  Tlicjldim-dibirijul.     /».  The  In  rricis. 


PURSirS    BUCKTHORN. 

IJiiAMM's  I'nisiii.v.NTS,  (Dt'caiid.)  Jncnnis,  nrr/u.^,  J'nili.s  ((ilo-iin/ili'ris 
mmulc  drxticiildl'i-ficrrdli-^'  .^hIiIhs  jiiihisi'tHlilnis  iurr!.<  hitirulilnis  aliliiinis 
Unmlis,  pahmcuUs  axiK'Tilmti  iiiiihilliilisJlijrilni.^-'/iti-  puhcdcotlihu.-;  valji-e. 
H-filo,  pdalis  initudis  cdcidhifi.i.—lhniK.,  Flor.  I'.or.  Am., vol.  ii.  \>.V2'), 
t.  43.    Dkcaxi).,  Trod.,  vol.  ii.  \<.  ■2^>. 

KiiA.MNUS  a!ivj'oli(tti.  —  Vvii:'n,  Flor.  Am.  Hv[<t.,  vol.  i.  p.  lti<i,  (iion 
L'lLrhkr.) 

Tins  is  another  species  of  Buckthorn  which  Ixn-onies  a  tree  of 
ten  to  twenty  I'eot  elevation,  with  a  trunk  of  nine  inches  in 
diameter.  It  was  discovered  within  the  liooky  Mountain  range, 
on  the  hanks  of  .Salmon  Eiver,  by  Captain  Lewis;  and  it  is 
of  common  occurrence  on  the  borders  of  the  ()re;,'on,  in  tlie 
upland  shady  woods  near  the  skirts  of  the  prevailing  Pine 
forests.  Menzies  also  met  witli  this  tree  near  Nootka.  on  the 
northwest  coast  of  America.  It  bears  a  strong  re.send)lance  to 
the  Ji.  Oirulliilunws,-  but  the  leaves  are  broader,  shorter,  and 
more  decidedly  serrated,  and  the  Ijerry  is  strongly  three-lobed. 

The  branches  are  round,  dark  brown,  and  pubescent.  The 
loaves  are  three  to  live  inches  long,  petiolate,  deciduous,  but  at 
length  somewhat  coriaceous,  broadly  elliptic,  rounded  or  rarely 
somewhat  acute  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  sometimes  very  sliortl} 


CAT  II  A  I!  T  10     lU'CKTII  O  11  N. 


201 


i<>r 


aciimiiiMto,  tlio  iniir;j,in  niiiiiitcly  siTriiliitc,  the  yoiiiiL'  Iciuch 
inilicscciit  at  length,  only  (<o  on  tlio  nerves  Ijeiioiitli,  the  iierveH 
in  olilique  Hnes;  petioles  puhe.scent.  Stipnles  quickly  deeidnons, 
jiiMJiincles  solitary,  an  ineh  or  more  lonjr,  unihelhiteil;  pedicels 
puhescent,  elonjrated  in  the  fruit.  Calyx  externally  ptdiescent, 
six-cleft;  the  sejinients  acute,  internally  cariiiate.  Petals  minute, 
cuculhite,  hilid  at  the  apex,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  very  concave, 
and  cucullate.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals  ami  involved  in 
them.  Germ  nmall,  ovate.  Style  shorter  than  tin;  jrerm;  tiie 
stigma  ohtuse  and  three-lohed.  Berry  wider  ahove,  three-ci'lled, 
three-seeded.  The  seed  ohovate,  hlack,  very  shining,  convex 
cxteriiidly,  internally  with  a  central,  elevated  line  at  the  hase, 
at  the  hyluni  yellow. 


The  C.VTiiAUTic  BucKTiioiLV  {RhdiniiKs  oi/Iiiirliriis)  appears  to 
he  a  native  of  the  Northern  States  of  the  Union,  as  it  occm's  in 
the  wildest  situations.  The  berries  and  syrup  of  this  species 
have  long  been  employed  in  medicine.  The  juice  of  the  berries, 
in  a  dose  of  ii\Q  or  six  drachms,  proves  a  strong  cathartic;  but 
it  is  generally  made  into  a  syrup.  The  bark  has  als(j  an  emetic 
qualify.  The  juice  of  the  unripe  berries  with  alum  gives  a 
yellow  dye;  that  of  the  ripe  fruit,  concentrated  by  evaporation, 
and  treated  in  the  same  maimer  with  a  solution  of  alum,  ^ives 
a  green  paste, — the  sap-green  employed  by  painters, — and,  from 
the  manner  in  which  it  is  prepared  for  sale,  is  called,  in  France, 
rcrf  tic  rcmle. 

In  New  England,  particularly  in  the  vieiniiV  of  Boston,  this 
species  is  much  employeil  for  useful  and  orna-nental  hedges,  ami, 
bearing  well  to  be  cut,  growing  thick,  an<l  remaining  green  till 
winter,  it  is  strongly  recommended  for  this  useful  purpose. 


IV.— l:l» 


MANCIIINEEL. 


NiiiKnil  O/v/c/',  p]ci'lK)UlilACK/T;?     Li'iinmni   (Viissijlrd/inu,  M()N(F,- 
CIA,  MoNAnEUMllA. 

lIirrOMANK.*    (Linn.) 

AfoxcKciors. — Mfilc  flowers  with  a  sulicinnpamiliito,  omanonalo  calyx 
and  no  corolla.  A  single  columnar  iilanient  terniinatiiii;  in  four 
antliors. — In  tlic  fa-t'dc  flower  there  is  a  3-leaved  caly.x  and  no 
corolla.  .S7'//l"  very  short.  Slii/nta  ti  or  T-clel't.  Fniit,  a  (Iriipe  con- 
taining a  six  to  seven  or  more  celled  nut;  each  cell  witli  one  seed; 
the  colls  indchiseent. 

A  large  poisonous  tree  of  Trojiical  America,  with  alternate,  entire 
leaves ;  the  male  flowers  clustered  in  interruiitcd,  terminal  spikes. 
The  fi'uit  solitary  and  sessile,  resemliling  an  apple. 


MANCIIINEEL. 

irrPPOMAXK   MANCINEIJ.A.       lAjliifl  omtis  SnTi'llix. — LlN"N'.,WlLl.n.,  Sp.  ]il. 

liAMAUcK,  lUust.,  t.  703.      3  ACQ.,  Am.,  edit,  pid.,  t.  2:!8.     Aiui.ct, 

(Juian.,  vol.  ii.  p.  885. 
flldhts  Americana,  lauroccrasi  folio,  venenata.     Manrinello  arbor  sen  Jlla.i- 

.'^iiiilia  dicta. — CoMMEL.,  Ilort.,  vol.  i.  p.  131,  t.  G8. 
Jiajlnndi  affum  arbor  jtdifcra,  lacicsrcns,  venenata,  ii'jrifoUn,  Mancanillo 

Jlispani'--  dicta. — Si.oani;,  Jamaic.  Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  3,  t.  15!). 

*  I'rum  l-zii;,  a  hor»'',  luid  /laviu,  ma</iirsx.     Tlio  iiuiiio,  lidwcvor,  was  a]i]ilii'(l 
by  the  Greeks  to  a  very  ditVereut  jilaiit  which  grew  in  Areailia,  said  to  render 
liiirses  furicins. 
2(12 


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IK) 

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ken. 


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Hi/i/KHHiiitr  ■  ff/iii<'li:<///i 


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Mn 


Hi 


Vil 

CO! 

K( 

to 
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ill 
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<rl' 

n' 
ill 
III 

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al 
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M  A  N  C  II I  N  E  K  L. 


20:J 


M<>,ir,n,Hla  ;»/,",/./,/('.— Plum iKii,  Gc.i.,   p.  40,  t.  3.    MSS.  vol.  vi.  t. 

109.     Cateshy's  Carol.,  vol.  ii.  p.  05,  t.  0.'). 
Ador  Amn-Miita  Muneincllo  dklajructu  pond  vcnenalo,  nudrls  srpkm-i 

el  jilurHjiis,  In  ossicalo  muricnlo,  iotldem  loftdis  dispcrliti),  iiwtusin.—l'LV- 

KKN,  Ahiiag.,  p.  44.     riiytog.,  tub.  142,  fig.  4. 
Ilippomanc  urljorann.  lactcscms,  nimiditi  tmiati-i ;  petiidis  ijlundidd  imlah.i ; 

jlorlbiis  spiaiUs,  mlxAis.—V,\w\s^v.,  Juiii.,  p.  ^'-fjl. 

The  Mancliincol  Tree  atta'ns  a  great  size  on  the  sea-coast  in 
various  parts  of  the  West  India  Islands  and  the  neijihljoring 
continent.     It   lias  also  been   found  growing  very  conunon  at 
Key  West,  in  low  places,  wliere  it  attains  the  height  of  thirty 
to  forty  feet.     It  has  nuich  the  aspect  of  a  Pear  Tree  at  a  dis- 
lance,  while  the  fruit  resembles  in  appearance  and  scent  a  small 
api)le,  and  is  produced  in  such  abundance  that  the  ground,  when 
they  fall,  appears  as  if  it  weve  paved  with  them;  they  possess, 
however,  very  little  i)ulp,  hei:.g  internally  occupied  by  a  deeply- 
grooved  nut  as  largo  as  a  chestnut.     No  aniuuil,  except  goats 
and  macaws,  chooses  to  feed  on   them;    and  they  become  dry, 
brown,  anil  spongy,  and  as  useless  as  they  are  deleterious.     Tlu; 
wood,  on  the  contrary,  is  in  great  esteem  for  tables,  cabinets, 
and    other    articles    of    furniture,    being    close-grained,    heavy, 
durable,  finely   variegated   with    brown,   white,   and   snades  of 
AvUow,  and  susceptible  of  a  high  polish.      Tables  made  of  it 
"almost  resemble  marble,  and  are  e.pially  smooth  and  shining. 
Creat  caution,  however,  is  necessary  in  felling  the  tree;    and, 
before   they  begin,  it  is  the   usual  i)ractico  of  the   workmen, 
first    to   kindle   a  fire   round   the   stem,   by  which    means  the 
milky  sap   becomes  so  nuK-h    inspissated   as  not  to  follow  the 
blow's  of  the  axe.     Tli.n-  al.<o  take  the  further  precaution  to 
cover  the  face  with  a  net  of  gauze,  to  prevent  the  access  both 
of  the  juice  and  the  particles  of  sup-wood,  which  might  be  dele- 
terious. 

All  parts  of  tb<'  Mauchineel  Tree  abound  with  a  white,  milky 
sap.  which  is  very  poisonous,  and  so  ca\istic  that  a  sinde  <h\)p 


M  A  N  cm  N  E  E  L. 


reci'ivt'il  upon  tlie  back  of  the  hand  immediately  ])rodiices  the 
M'nsatioii  of  the  toiicli  of  a  coal  oi"  (ire,  and  soon  raises  a  watery 
blister.  The  Indians,  accordin;:;  to  Hawkins,  used  to  jjoison 
tJK'ir  arrows  with  this  juice,  which  retained  its  venom  tor  a 
loii!^  time.  Another  and  much  more  deadly  jjoison  was  com- 
monly used  for  this  })urpose,  however,  by  the  American  savages 
of  tlie  warmer  parts  of  America, — namely,  the  vnniri,  chielly 
obtained  fn)ni  the  juice  of  the  t'ifn/i-Juioii;  and  this  was  distin- 
giiishal)le  liy  producing  the  efli-'ct  of  tihnnts  or  lockjaw,  wbicii, 
mostly  fatal,  Avas  sometimes  protracted  fcjr  several  days  before 
producing  di'atli.  It  is  reported  that  man\-  of  the  Kuropeans 
■who  iirsi  landeil  in  Surinam  died  suddenly  from  slee[)ing  uiulcr 
this  tri'e;  and  there  may  probably  be  soTue  foundation  in  truth 
for  such  reports,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  volatile 
nature  of  the  poisonous  principle  of  these  pla.ics.  As  in  the 
Acnonious  species  of  Rhus  or  Sumach,  also,  while  many  in- 
dividuals arc-  affected  by  the  poison,  others,  for  no  evident 
reas(m,  can  touch  or  handle  these  ])lants  with  impunity.  Ifence, 
though  .Tacquin  assei'ts  that  ho  I'eposed  under  tlu'  shade  of  the 
Manchineel  for  the  space  of  three  hours  without  eN[>cricncing 
any  inconvenii'iice.  it  docs  not  follow  that  it  would  be  er(ually 
hannless  to  all  who  should  hazard  tiu;  e\i)eriment;  and,  \\i[\\  a 
laudable  prudence,  the  inhabitants  of  Mai'tini((ue  formerl}-  burneil 
down  whole  wooils  of  the  Manchiuetd  in  order  to  clear  their 
country  of  so  dangerous  a  ])esv. 

fatesby  acknowledges  that  h(>  was  not  sudiciently  satislicd  of 
its  poisonous  (puilities  "till,  assisting  in  the  cutting  down  a  tree 
of  this  kind  on  Aii<lr<i^  Island,  I  paid  for  my  incredulitj':  sonu! 
of  the  milky  jioisvuious  juice  s)  irting  in  my  eyes,  I  was  two 
days  totally  deprived  of  sight,  :,nd  my  eyes  and  face  much 
swelled,  and  lelt  u  violent  pi'ickiug  pain  the  fii'st  twenty-lour 
hoius.  which  from  that  time  abated  gradually  with  the  suelling, 
and  went  oil'  without  any  application  or  remedy,  none  in  that 


M  A  N  C  11 1 N  E  E  L. 


•Mi, 


uninhiiliitfd  isliuid  being  to  be  had.  It  is  no  woudor  that  tlie 
sp-i)  of  this  tree  should  be  so  vindcjit,  when  rain  or  dew  lalliny 
from  its  leaves  on  the  naked  body  causes  blisters  on  the  skin, 
and  even  the  clUuvia  of  it  arc  so  noxious  as  to  ail'ect  the  senses 
of  those  which  stand  any  time  under  its  shade." 

Oily  substances  are  considered  the  best  remedy  fur  this 
poison.  Some  also  reeonunend  a  large  glass  of  sea-water  to 
be  drank  instantly  as  a  preventive. 

The  branches  of  the  Manchineel  arc  covered  with  a  grayish, 
smooth  bark.     The  leaves,  which  fall  annually,  are  alternate, 
petiolate,  numerous,  oval,  pointed,  almost  cordate  at  the  base, 
slightly    and    distantly    serrulate,   dark    green,    rather    thick, 
shining,  veined,  and  transversely  nerved,  tliree   to  four  incdies 
long  l)y  about  two  inches  wide.     Stipules  oval  and  caducous. 
The  llowers  are  small  and  of  a  yellow  ctdor,  mona'cious,  and 
grow  upon  straight,  terminal  spikes,  like  catkins.     The  nude 
llowers  are  minute,  collected  togethc  ■  in  clusters  of  about  thirty 
together,  each  cluster  suljtended  Ijy  a  concave,  caducous  scale. 
The  calycini"  scales  are  accompanied  at  their  base  Ijy  two  large, 
lateral,   orbicular,  depressed   glands.     The    fertile   flowers    are 
sessile  and  solitary.     The  drupe,  in  color  and  odor,  is  so  like 
a  small  apple  that   it  might  easily  be  mistaken   for  it;    it  is 
shining,  and  of  a  ycUowish-gree.i  color,  with  a  white  and  milky 
pulp.  '  it    c(mtains   a    thick,   bony   nut.    full   of   angular  crests 
which  preject  almost  tlirough  the  skin;  it  has,  ordinarily.  si.K 
or  seven,  sometimes  as  many  as  fourteen?  one-seeded  cells,  which 
have  no  spontaneous  dehiscence  or  valves.     The  mair  llowers 
have   a  very   smal'    onedruved,   roundisli,   1)ifid   calyx,  witli   a 
straight,  slender  lUament  as  long  again  as  the  calyx,  beanng 
f.,ur ''roundish  anthers.     The  J' male  ilower,  like  the  j-receding, 
has  no  corolla,  and  consists  of  a  three-leaved  calyx,  with  round- 
ish, obtuse,  connivi'ut  leallets.     The  ovary  is  oval,  superior,  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  surmounted  liy  a  straight,  short  style,  d.'ei)ly 


20fi 


A  L  E  U  HI  T E  S. 


diviilc'd  into  six  or  seven  long,  siil)niute,  jiuinted,  inid  rellected 
stiyniiis. 

PLATE  LX. 

^■1  hranch  of  tlic  nalural  s'cc.  a.  Tlie  maJc  jliu\:\  h.  'J'hc  (if/il<-li/.c 
drtipc  of  llic  nataral  7)iaf/niladc.  c.  A  Inaoin  rsc  scclloii  of  the  (Inqte 
li'iriiif/  uLc  cdl.s  and  one  ahortive  cdl.  d.  The.  seed,  of  tin  natural  niag- 
niladc.     c.  'The  kernel,  with  the  inverted  cmhrjo  of  the  natural  size. 


The  poisonous  Upas,  [Aiitiaris  toxkarUt,)  bearing  solitary, 
female  flowers  with  two  styles  :  d  an  unequal  drupaceous 
fruit,  thoujiii  only  of  one  cell,  still  ajiproaelies  nearer  to  the 
anomalous  Manehineel,  iu  this  family,  than  to  any  plant  of  the 
Ar/iiiiirpKi;  witli  whicli  it  is  so  unnaturally  associated. 

Akuriku,  by  its  fruit,  a  two-celled,  two-seeded,  indehiscent 
drupe,  appears  to  bo  almost  intermediate  with  Antiaris  jind 
Hippomane.  Wo  are  unacipiainted  witii  tlie  structure  of  the 
seed  in  Antiaris;  Init  tlic  ()l)li([uity  of  the  fruit,  and  its  swelliuj^ 
out  in(jre  to  one  side,  would  seem  to  indicate  tlie  presence  of 
two  germs.  Those  poisonous  phiiits,  as  well  as  the  Aleurites, 
seem  to  form  a  natural  group,  wiiieh  furtlier  observation  nuist 
decide;  if  so  considered,  they  iiiight  bear  tlie  name  of  Ilii'i'o- 
manEjE,  from  the  well-kno^vn  .Manehineel,  and  will  be  distin- 
guished cliielly  Irom  tlie  Kn'iKiHiu.vrE.K  by  tiieir  indeiiisceut, 
druiiaceous  fruit  of  one  or  two  to  seven  or  more  one-seeded 
cells,  in  place  of  three,  the  characteristic  number  in  Euplior- 
biaceic. 

The  large  oily  kei'uels  of  the  Aliiirilis  fri/oki.  known  in  the 
Sandwich  and  Friendly  Islands  by  the  name  of  Too-tooo,  are 
employed  by  the  natives,  generally,  for  light:-  pierced  witii  a 
skewer,  they  are  lighted  like  a  candle  or  a  torch,  and  burn  well 
and  for  ;x  long  time,  giving  out  a  Ijright  llame  and  smoke.  An 
excellent  oil  is  obtained  from  these  nuts  by  expression,  wliicli 


A  L  E  U  R  I  T  E  S. 


21)7 


i.s  used  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  and  answers  well  for  piiiut. 
It  constitutes,  lil<ewise,  one  of  tlio  most  ornnmental  and  cliarae- 
teristic  trees  of  tlie  forest,  visible  at  a  great  distance  l)y  tlie 
paleness  and  whiteness  of  its  verdure,  and  hence  the  name  of 
Alcurites  given  to  it  hy  Forster,  from  its  mealy  appearance. 
It  grows  rapidly  and  aiTords  a  fine  shade,  producing  leaves 
which  resemble  those  of  the  Plane  Tree. 


F.NI)    HI'    Vol..   1.  or    NUTTAl.I,. 


HTKnKtHTI'F.li   HV   I..  .iitllNSOS  k  CO. 
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T.  1  R.  nnt   U   S   Pop),  nt  Aj'  ru'L.tc,  1»9:, 


Plate  III. 


Assam  Hybrid  Tea  Plants  at  Pinehurst.  Three  and  a  halk  YLAUb  Old   and  LEbb, 
SHOWING  Variation  in  Size  of  Leaf  and  General  Vigor  of  Growth. 


I 


^ 


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rem  oioi.njuSv  i"  Ki-io  s  n  i'°<">v  ■••I'J 


/ 


^ 


F.b«>  R.'pofl,  U   S  D-iM    ilAg.cjIu'o.  I8«. 


■;--*■■(..••     '>. 


Plate  V. 


«! 


BaWaTRiNG  Hemp  Plants. 


%V;    ■      * 


ruar«'^   ^  X*. 


'      lt..»,-li.,.J>liiMI>^MliBiabi 


t,-  i 


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Fig.  2.  Routed  Cuttings.  LE-aves,  and  Roots. 


•■sV 


